“American Sniper” by Chris Kyle: Summative Essay Essay

The book I chose for the summative essay assignment was â€Å"American Sniper† by Chris Kyle. This book is about the courageous and thrilling memoir of the most lethal sniper in U.S. military history. With over 100 documented kills during his four tours of duty, Chris Kyle has shed light on the dangerous brave life of a sniper. During his four tours of duty in the Iraq war he has come close to death and saved countless lives. He changed a lot from just being a country boy and became what he describes as a man. The war really changed his perspective on his civilian life. The significance of the Iraq war was to help free the Iraqi civilians of their dictator, Saddam Hussein, and the radical Islamic insurgents who terrorized the Iraqi’s after the fall of Saddam Hussein. The time period this book is set in is right before 9/11 and during the Iraq war (1999-2009). As he grows up in Odessa, Texas he grow interested into being a ranch manager. By becoming a ranch hand he found himself in the state of Colorado where he enlisted for the Navy a second time. He joined the Navy in February 1999 and trained to be a Navy SEAL in Coronado, Calif. The rugged challenging training he had to go through to become a Navy SEAL really showed him that it isn’t easy being a solider and that he had to work extremely hard and not give into the powerful temptation of quitting. The tough training conditions and activities really molded him into one of the best U.S. sniper of all time. Nothing he could have imagined would come close to the gruesome scarring experience of war. After serving in the war torn country of Iraq you come out a different person and as he puts it â€Å"Continually going to war, you gravitate to the blackest parts of existence.† Chris Kyle grew up in small towns in north-central Texas. Having loved the ranch lifestyle he became a professional bronco rodeo rider. Then at the end of his freshman year at TSU a bronco flipped onto him breaking his ribs, dislocating his shoulder, a bruised lung and kidney ending his career. After being rejected before from the Marines, he enlisted for the Navy and was turned down at first but then received an unexpected call from the recruiter  little did he know that call would change his life forever. After surviving and passing all of the training needed to become a SEAL, Chris was placed in SEAL Team 3 along with his friends from training, Marc Lee and Ryan Jobs. He married Taya and had a son, they met while he was off base. He finished his 10 years of military service as a CPO and receiving a silver and bronze stars as well as other awards for his contributions as well as over 100 kills. Chris received his nick name of â€Å"The Devil or Ramadi† given to him by the insurgents when he was deployed there. They knew he was a deadly sniper and were terrified of him up to the point of placing an $80,000 bounty on him. In Sadr City he made a 1.9 km shot and killed a rocket launcher holding insurgent. He deployed to locations such as Fallujah, Baghdad, and Ramadi. â€Å"Just then, an RPG hit the outside wall right near me. Some of the building smashed into my face, giving me a couple of beauty marks and temporary tattoos courtesy of the insurgency.† He describes his close encounter with death in Baghdad after getting off the phone with his wife. â€Å"Taya had turned on the television†¦I saw smoke pouring out of the World Trade Center in New York†¦an airplane flew right into the side of the second tower.† He now describes the horrible time when he found out the depressing news of the terrorist attack on the U.S. If I were to rate this book on a scale from 1-10, this book would defiantly earn a 10. This book for me was extremely inspiring how he never gave up even when given the chance, even when all the odds were stacked against him he stayed strong and continued on. He really explained the life of a soldier, and not the usual way we look at soldiers but showed a different side to them, one only they could fully understand. As well as the fact that he let his wife write a few pages here and there explaining the difficulties of being a SEAL’s wife really showed that he wanted the reader to fully understand a SEAL’s life and so on. The only way you would really enjoy reading this book would be if you like reading war books and have an interest in the military. This book is a great book as well if you are looking for a book that you will absolutely not want to put down it and he explains everything that is going on with vivid details. Another pro to this  book is that he transitions from all the events in an orderly way so you will never get lost and have to re-read. I do not dislike any aspect of this story at all, personally it was put together just right to create an exceptionally great war memoir. Overall this book was truly one of my favorite war books I have ever read. It has been crafted carefully by a man who has been through a lot in his life and has stayed strong through the worst times and has enjoyed the best times of his life. Though Chris is no longer with us I am positively sure he would have continued to be the great man that he was, and his legacy will always live on. Christopher Scott Kyle truly was the most lethal U.S. sniper.

Performance of Information Systems through Organizational Culture Essay

The objective of this paper is to determine the importance of the connection between the organizational culture and the information system which can be vital to achieve essential business goals. However the proper definition of information system (IS) is important, as different people create confusion in this respect, which according to Anderson (1992) it is the system which captures, records, and reorganize data then provides results which are useful for managerial purposes. On the other hand information technology IT is only the technological part of IS and the organizational culture is simply the way things are done in a firm. The interaction of these systems would result in huge advantages. Now it is that we have precisely viewed the explanation of IT, IS and organizational culture. We should now look at their interconnectedness. IT and organizational culture are incorporated in order to have statistical and meaningful information from the raw and unarranged data which is the information for decision making, however the feasibility of the implementation of such system is important in terms of technology and its cost. Once an idea or belief is accepted by a larger group it is said o be powerful and if it is accepted by a specific group then subcultures are said to exist and it is important to determine that which culture is dominant, and on the basis of this culture two opinions are created one which says that yes IT is important and the second which identifies IT as the fundamental basis of the IS, however it is also important that the new culture should be implemented or meant for a foreseeable future in the long-term and not in the short-term, as the short-term creates complexity quite earlier as compared to long-term approach, if there is some element of deviation of opinion. No matter what is the final decision is, the carrying out of the implementation process is important, currently in most firms there exists a ‘’IT specialist culture’’ which involves only the IT personnel in this process and obviously is not much effective. Therefore it is important that in the implementation of an IS, not only IT personnel should be involved but also the top management and the users of this IS should also be involved so that their requirements are catered in an efficient and effective way. Theoretical principles or basics Today the world is turned into a dynamic market place, where firms need to compete in terms of prices, efficiency and technology. For this purpose experts have realized the importance of information systems (IS) with information technology (IT) as its basis, combined together with the organizational culture. The perfect combination of these three important systems of a firm a firm is able to achieve a competitive status in the world market. Therefore it is important to have such elements in the firm in order to achieve businesses vital goals. For this purpose cultural change is to be incorporated, provided that it is the way things are done or the set of norms of the firm, therefore the bubble-like approach of incorporating cultural changes is said to be the most effective one. Under this idea of bubble-like cultural change, comes the idea of informatics and informational culture. The idea of IS is also important, however majority of people confuse it with IT however the correct expl anation are the one discussed earlier. The implementation of IS’s in most of the firms has resulted into various advantaged to the firms; briefly it enables the management to acquire meaningful information from the raw data and later to help decision making. But the successful implmetation and usage of the IS requires three important components which are: 1, the data or information, the people (implementers and users) and the material resources. Here the data can be any data form example businesses truncations or employee’s records, and the material resources are the mechanical supportive equipment for example office furniture and computers etc and lastly the people are the user and the implementers of the IS. Now with people here comes the notion of organizational culture, the culture in accordance with the IS and IT plays an important role if these three things are in line or are in agreement then vital advantages can be observed which are discussed as follows: Â · As it decreases the anxiety and confusion created by the IT/IS, it supports the adaptation of the environmental changes, therefore it contributes positively to the overall satisfaction level of the internal staff who have been involved in its implementation. Â · Â   Enables the management to know if the implantation id accepted by the users. Â · Â   Social relations are created when the implementers and users of different departments meet to implement the system. This adds to the motivation level of the employees. Â · Tells the users that which information will be available at what location in what time. Â · Â   Determines the effectiveness of the IT/IS associated to the means of communication, as both inside and outside, it is a vital way correspondence. Â · Â   As it explains that what are the norms and practices of the entity, a feeling of strong unity is created. Interconnectedness of IT, IS and Organizational Culture An IS is created so that meaningful information can be derived out of the raw data, therefore it is that an IS is responsible for converting data into information and therefore quantity and quality of the information is important. However the relationship between data, culture and information system is important. Only an effective IS can be developed when there is perfect correlation between these three. And then only information which is meaningful can be obtained and used for managerial purposes. We have discussed that appropriate people in appropriated places is important, another point about the feasibility in terms of technology and finance. If there are no sufficient financial and technological assistance and resources then the application of the IS may not be successful, for example if due to lack of finance some important features of the IS are excluded from the plan then it won’t produce accurate and meaningful results. Another way in which the relationship of IT and organizational can be reviewed can be provided with two questions that whether it is the IT which creates the lines of an organizational culture or whether it is the organizational culture that decides that whether IT solutions should be incorporated or not; answers to these can be this if there is strong feeling among the users of the IS and other supporting staff that the use of IT has resulted into the benefits of some particular group, department or a person then incorporation of computerized solution will form as the firms norms or in other words culture because majority thinks that yes IT is important. However it is also possible that opposite can happen, which can be further elaborated in a way that there have been opposite behaviors in respect of the discussion between the service and manufacturing sector. This is because in manufacturing businesses there is more of manual labor work and computerization and IT is incorporated to a lesser extent thus a culture in manufacturing would be less compatible to the IT, whilst in the service sector more of IT solutions are required and computerization is involved to a larger extent therefore there is strong evidence of the fact that information technology can set the value’s and norms of the firm. Now there is a question that which approach is the best? This is difficult question to answer because the two have enormous effects on each other, but in light of modern business techniques IT/IS solutions have been more effective on the cultural practices, this is because an IS not only automates the flow of data but also provides manage ment with alternatives ways of doing things in respect of efficiency, accuracy, and timeliness. Specific Relationship of Information System and the Organizational Culture It is possible that there exists a conflict between the norms or cultural practices of two groups in an entity. Therefore, it is in vital interest of the firms that these differences are rectified, because when there is one common way of doing things efficiency and timeliness are prone to occur along with economies of scale ( reaching a position when per unit cost is lowest). More specifically these divergences can be that a larger group supports one view and a smaller group supports the contrary this is known as the subculture. Distinction between these two opinions is necessary so that there might be an informatics or an in informational culture. Where informatics is that for example usage of IT is important, and the informational culture is with more detail where it says in order to make correct and accurate decisions IT should be incorporated as the basis of an IS. The first culture is easy to understand but the second one goes into more detail, it also includes in it the first culture and also the organizational behavior and the information data. It however necessary that in order to have a successful transformation of IT into an IS, conversion of informatics culture into the in informational culture is necessary. Informational and Informatics Culture; Features It is now that we have come to know that what are the two cultures now we must discuss that which one is to be transformed into the other through administrative intervention. When we talk about the informatics culture the case is that it only considers the costs of the IT department only in the short term, therefore it ignores the long-term research and development process which can result into the firms inters this is why it is a usual case that firms end up in spending more and earning less from IT centers as proper consideration are not taken when purchasing its equipment and employing staff. However on the contrary the informational culture approach considers the outputs of an IT center to a larger extent; it not only considers the quantitative aspects of the IT solution but also the long-term usefulness to the firms in respects of tactical and strategic planning, it not only sees the IT solution in terms of an IS as cost, but also highlights it advantages and long-term benefits in terms if research and development and therefore upon this approach distributes its cost over its useful life.

Civil War Essay

The aftermath of the Civil War brought in major industrial expansion and significant economic growth for New England, the middle Atlantic states and the mid-west – more so with the completion of the transcontinental railroads years later. In contrast, the same Civil War brought in economic depression for the south. (Slavin, 2008) 3) The 1920s began with a brief depression which was completely forgotten between 1921 and 1929 when America enjoyed economic prosperity. The stock market crash in 1929, however, ended the abundant times and brought in the â€Å"Great Depression†. Similarly, there was a brief economic recession in the early part of the 1990s – it began in early 1992 and ended later that same year. With the end of such recession, the stock market soared and the years that followed witnessed economic expansion in America until the index reached its peak in March 2001 and then dove deep, signaling the end of the good, profitable days of the bourse. The economy worsened in September 2001 after the World Trade Center Tragedy. (Slavin, 2008) The opportunity cost of attending the concert using a free ticket is less time spent on studying. Having to leave for the concert venue earlier than planned and then getting home much later because of the miserable weather would further increase the opportunity cost of attending the concert, since it would mean more study time spent on something else. 5) Last summer, I incurred opportunity costs by cancelling plans to take a summer job and choosing, instead, to spend my summer bumming around with friends. Under no circumstances can we operate outside our production possibilities curve. It would mean generating an output that is more than what results from full employment and full production. Such a scenario is not attainable. (Slavin, 2008) 7) a) According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, â€Å"economists study how society distributes resources, such as land, labor, raw materials, and machinery, to produce goods and services. They may conduct research, collect and analyze data, monitor economic trends, or develop forecasts. † (U. S. Department of Labor) b) According to the College Majors Handbook and as cited in the article, the top three types of jobs for economics graduates are as follows: â€Å"1) Top- and mid-level managers, executives, administrators; 2) Insurance, securities, real estate, business services; and, 3) Accountants, auditors, other financial specialists. † (Schwartz) WORKS CITED Slavin, Stephen L. Economics 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos055. htm#nature) Schwartz, Shelly K. â€Å"Economics Grads Face Strong Job Market, but Higher Degrees Still Help. † CNNMoney Personal Finance. (http://money. cnn. com/2000/08/18/career/q_degreeeconomics/)

Organizational Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Strategy - Assignment Example The level of input and the outcomes is also a major factor to be considered. The second stage is to think of how to change the current situation. Discover all areas that change requires implementation, and how to go about it. The final stage is to think of where one would want to reach and within what period. This creates a motivation to put more effort in implementing the change. Ones the changes are being implemented, there is a need to evaluate their efficiency and if they are competent, they should constantly be implemented (Kaufman, 2003). Celebrating the hard work is done once the desired outcomes are achieved. Change requires commitment and persistence. Organizational changes are usually painful and, especially, to those with the status quo, therefore, there is a requirement for all those involved to accept the need for change. Many are the time people involved persist the change and tend to be confused with the happenings (Plas, 1999). Organizational management is a big task and therefore, there should be sponsors and advisors who will advise according to change implementation. In today’s market, organizations need to implement changes due to the completion and the technological changes that are occurring in the

The Ethernet Technology Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ethernet Technology Report - Essay Example For transporting digital bits of data through the carrier waves, Ethernet has some encoding techniques. These encoding techniques aid in synchronizing the data sending and data receiving stations and providing a signal with strength sufficient enough to deliver a required amount of data rate. So, the difference in encoding techniques relate to the difference in the data transfer speed provided by the Ethernet cable. For instance, the three encoding techniques Manchester, 4B/5B and 8B/10B are used for the providing Ethernet LAN of speeds 10Mbps, 100 Mbps and 1Gbps respectively (TechFest.com, 1999). Manchester encoding delivers a signal of frequency 10MHz which is sufficient to provide a data rate of 10Mbps for the 10Base5 and 10Base2 coaxial cables. The installation is easy and new systems can be added easily. However, owing to the bus topology (in 10Base5) and the fact that the cabling is half duplex (i.e. same cable used for sending and receiving), chances of collisions would be mor e and the throughput of the system would be less. In case of daisy chains (10Base2), routing difficulties would be present. Secondly, the higher data rates cannot be achieved due to coaxial cables. In case of using 10BaseT twisted pair cables, 20Mbps can be achieved owing to full duplex mode. New hosts can be added easily in the supported star topology network. However, repeaters are required after every 100m unlike 10Base5 and 10Base2. When using 10BaseFL, repeaters are not needed till 1000m. The 4B/5B encoding delivers a 62.5MHz frequency signal on the 100Base-Tx Cat 5 twisted pair cabling. A signal of maximally 100MHz is enough to be transmitted over a medium of 100Mbps. In full duplex mode, any new host can be added without affecting the collision rates. 4B/5B encoding is also used in 100Base-Fx cables.

Enhancing Employability & Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enhancing Employability & Employment - Essay Example The derived information from the exploratory research suggests that compliance with legal requirement and accounting standards not only improves the existing system within Ernst & Young but also helps them in devising strategies meant for community and societal development. The main aim of the hard and soft system models as solutions for Ernst & Young would help in the removal of the existing functional and non-functional barriers for the improvement and efficiency in the accounting system and also the achievement of the goals and objectives. Covert, overt dimensions, hard and soft systems would help in identification of taxation and accounting errors and also the delay causing the timely delivery of projects. On the other hand, the Weisbord Six Box Model would facilitate both the running the existing system, design of constructive organizational structure and enhancing the work climate. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Outline of Research used for Ernst & Young 4 Diagnosis of Internal Issues Faced by Ernst & Young 5 Diagnosis of External Issues Faced by Ernst & Young 8 SWOT Analysis 10 Analysis of Issues faced by Ernst & Young 11 Recommendations of Change Management Strategy 12 Justification of Change Management Intervention Techniques 14 Reference List 16 Introduction Ernst & Young, a multinational professional service provider with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom, is regarded as the world’s third largest professional service provider. It is also one of the largest accounting firms in the present scenario. The company operates in more than one-fifty countries with more than seven hundred offices in the world and employs more than one hundred and seventy-five thousands employees (Ernst &Young, 2013a). The prime objective of the organization revolves around providing audit, tax, legal and advisory services to the leading organizations. The company caters to advisory, tax, assurance and information relate d to financial and accounting transactions. The research was conducted on this organization to help the users to understand the functionality of this firm which aims and does excel in their accounting and professional services. The management concepts along with the issues related to the organization will be highlighted. Presently, the external and internal strategic issues faced by Ernst & Young along with the appropriate solutions would be provided by the author in the following study. Finally, the study would conclude with recommendations which can help in curbing down the current strategic issues faced by Ernst & Young and aid the betterment of the existing systems. Outline of Research used for Ernst & Young Exploratory research is conducted for identification of a problem that has not been clearly identified and recognized. It is regarded as one of the research data collection methods based on secondary data available through print, media, articles and interview with the respon dents. The entire purpose of explorative research would be to precede a formal research through the availability of large and small data. It also helps the researcher to provide information through conducted surveys and experimental methods (Appelbaum et al., 2012). This is used to develop possible list of causes and help in uncovering possible avenues and assisting decision maker in reaching the goals

Theory that support obesity in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory that support obesity in Children - Essay Example There are varying theories that support obesity, most of which have had empirical research and studies supporting their validity or otherwise. This paper is dedicated to critically analyzing one of these theories. The multidimensional theory of obesity proposed by Perryman, Nielsen and Booth (2008) is the selected theory that supports obesity that is going to be used. As the name of the theory implies, the multidimensional theory of obesity refuses to view obesity as a phenomenon with just one aspect. Rather, it sees obesity as â€Å"multidimensional and involves physical aspects, such as genetics and metabolism, as well as psychological schemas and environmental conditions (Wilkins, Kendrick, Stitt & Hammarlund, 1998). With reference to the present study, the selection of the multidimensional theory is in the fact that at the early ages, children are exposed to as many factors as possible that account for their obesity and its solutions. It is therefore necessary and important to get a theory that matches up with the multi-variant nature of the causes, effects and solutions available for children who may be facing obesity as a health problem. The proposed solution to combating obesity in children is rooted in the need for individualized interventional attention given to obese children. By individualized interventional attention, reference is being made to the need of ensuring that interventions that are suggested do not only address a restricted aspect of obesity in children such as diet but that it looks at a holistic and comprehensive approach to ensuring that the problem is really solved. This is because with such a holistic approach, there is not going to be anyway that the researcher is going to miss the cause of the problem in case the cause is not as singular as may be thought (Golan, Weitzman, Apter and

Open-label study of risperdone in children with severe disruptive Research Paper

Open-label study of risperdone in children with severe disruptive behaviors and below-average IQ - Research Paper Example The drug acts by blocking the postsynaptic function of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain, however, how it is able to improve the behavior is still unknown (McCracken et al, 2002). These drugs enhance protection against extrapyramidal symptoms (Findling, 2003). This is one of the prime reasons why risperidone is used more frequently for the treatment of behavioral disorders among children (Risperidone in Children with Autism, 2002). So far, it is one of the few drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration or FDA to treat aggressive behavior and irritability among children with autism (Buck, 2008). This approval was expanded in 2007 to include treatment of cases suffering from bipolar disorder in children 10 years of age, and children with schizophrenia 13 years of age and over (Buck, 2008). The recommended dosage in children is less than 1 mg per day, which can be given once or twice daily. The drug takes at least one week to start showing its effects, where the child may become calmer and less aggressive in nature (Eapen and Guraraj, 2005). The duration of the drug is variable, and is prescribed based on individual needs. Studies are showing positive correlation between the uses of the drug and lessening of the effects of aggression among children (Eapen and Gururaj, 2005, McCracken et al, 2002). A common side effect of the drug is EPS or extrapyramidal side effects, which include muscle rigidity, eye rolling and restlessness (Eapen and Gururaj, 2005). Usually the EPS is reversed by the administration of diphenhydramine 25 mg, within half an hour of the episode. There is still somewhat limited number of studies about the side effects of the drugs and more research in this area is needed. Children with ADHD receiving the drug for a prolonged time are likely to display tardive dyskinesia, which is reversible after discontinuation of the drug (Robb, 2010). Other less common side effects include muscle spasms and stiffness, agitatio n and feeling of restlessness, difficulty in swallowing, unexplained fever confusion, and fast and irregular heartbeat respectively. Children can also rarely display high blood sugar levels, increased prolactine horomones and high blood lipid levels (Eapena dn Gururaj, 2005). Risperidone increases appetite and sleep, which is why it is of concern in obese children. Other probable side effects may include increased risk to metabolic syndrome, diabetes or increased lipids. These effects can be utilized for children who have low appetite or who are restless and difficult sleepers (Eapen and Gururaj, 2005). The selection of the topic for research is justified. There is need to expand the research and learn more about the mechanism of action of the drug, and how it affects the behavioral problems among children. Alongside, new research in the same area will help in reinforcing the already found conclusions as well as identify possible new areas of research, such as how to reduce the side effects of the drug among children. As stated in the study by Eapen and Gururaj, (2005), ‘Although psychostimulants remain the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for ADHD, they may not be tolerated by some children, may be ineffective in some, and in yet others may exacerbate a comorbid medical condition such as seizures or tics’(Eapen and Gururaj

Interpersonal Communication (Children of a Lesser God) Essay

Interpersonal Communication (Children of a Lesser God) - Essay Example ny other deaf persons, must rely on different skill sets in communication – and must rely, too, on the skill sets of others, including those not trained in the art of communication with deaf persons through sign language How, then, do people overcome these barriers in communication and convey thoughts and ideas to one another in meaningful ways? The answer is that whether or not we realize it, we all use nonverbal means of communication. This essay is going to focus on those communication methods. In a scene in the film when Hurt proposes to Matlin’s character that he teach her verbal communication, there is more being conveyed than personal interests; there is personal attraction. Matlin’s character is flirtatious, and her facial expressions, even when she challenges Hurt’s character’s signing proficiency, ends with a flirtatious look, a raised eyebrow, and a tilt of her head. â€Å"Our bodies don’t exist to carry our heads around,† we are reminded by Dr. Candace Pert, author of Molecules of Emotions (1997), and research professor in biophysics and physiology at the prestigious Georgetown University in Washington, DC. Rather, thinking process is not just a function of the brain, but of the entire body suggests Pert (Weiss, 2001). The brain, which has hundreds of thousands of protein neurons, is constantly processing information, and as it does, the neurons actually vibrate and change in shape (2001). The brain is as interconnected with the physiological and emotional system of the body as are the sensory perceptions of sight, sound, smell and taste; which we are closer to in our everyday thinking and understanding than we are to the brain. However, as Pert says, the brain and heart are tied into every function, every expression, every action that we make and think, and it has a long memory and its memories are triggered throughout the course of a day without our being aware of it on a conscious level. We see this throughout the film Children

Leaders Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leaders Analysis - Case Study Example Henry Ford is the pioneer of the Ford, who is well known for his leadership and intelligence. He manufactured first economy automobile that a middle-class person can afford. The primary reason behind Ford’s success is the strong relationship between Henry with the employees. The increment in the salaries of employees and initiative of eight hours work inspired the labor. Hiring employees of different citizenships and selecting incapacitated workers reflects the non-discriminated attitude of Henry. His interpersonal relationship with customers and comprehending their needs gave a successful future to the Company (Peng). Alexander Trotman took charge in 1993 as a Chairman and Chief Executive of Ford. His 38 years with the Company provided effective plans that ensured the Company’s success. Shares of Ford were increased from $11.45 to $32.25 in just five years. Ford gained a worldwide reputation and became a competitor of several international automobile companies. Trotman also received an award for his leadership from Excellence in Technology Award Committee. Although some of his plans failed due to a fault in implementation, his visions lead the company to success

Information technology management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Information technology management - Essay Example gement refers to the discipline that comprises of resources and approaches by which information and technology resources are managed in respect to the priorities and needs identified (Clark, 2003). The resources relied on this process include data, software programs, hardware facilities like computers, information centres and facilities as well as the staff needed to maintain and oversee these systems and processes. This paper examines the concept of information and technology in organisations and the process that go in the research and creation of products that become market leaders, creating competitive advantages for them, while consolidating their market position. In addition, it focuses on apple Inc., a company that has a technological and innovation culture in the process of creating different mobile technologies and other electronic products that it sells. Apple inc., one of the chief companies in the technological industry is a multinational American company that is headquartered in California, USA (Grady, 2009). The company’s main objectives involve designing, developing and selling various kinds of consumer electronics, online services, personal computers and softwares among others. Among the products the company is known for include the iTunes Store, Apple store, the Mac and associated line of computers and the famous iPhone smartphone. Apple Inc. was established by three people, who were Ronald Wayne, Steve Wozniak and Steve jobs in 1976 with the main objective of developing and selling personal computers (Dormehl, 2012). Later in 1977, the company was officially incorporated under the name, Apple Computer, Inc. as the company changed and shifted its focus on consumer electronics; it changed its name to Apple Inc. in 2007. Among the many technologies that Apple Inc. has developed, the iPhone was the mobile technology that gave it success in the mobile industry as at the time of its launch. Actually, the iPhone is one of the smartphones that were

Why Effective Communication Is Important Essay Example for Free

Why Effective Communication Is Important Essay 1. Understand why effective communication is important in the work setting? Communication is the key to understating and being understood. Commotion is essential for our survival and we use it in every aspect of our lives from the moment we are born. E.g. Talking, shouting, crying, reading, writing, seeing and listening. Body language and ecpressions are also use when communtatin. We all communicate with each other to achieve goals in ife, whether it be physical or emotional. Communication allows us to convey information, thought , moods. ( Eg. Happiness , sadness,anger). As a human being we all have a basic need to relate to each other and effectively expressing ourselfe through communication. In work setting it enables us to create and maintain relationships with everyone we have contact with. Identify the different reasons people communicat? There are lots of different reasons people communicate. People need to express needs and share ideas and information to build relationships and ask questions. It essential tool a caer can use to meet the needs of children. This is a basic requirerment in all jobs to communicate with individuals and their families and staff on a daily basis. 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting? Communication can affct relationships in many ways in a work setting. Read more:  Explain the reasons why people communicate  essay Colleagues The manager Supervisor Parents of the children and children Effective communication- is a two way proess. When communication you need to send clear and concise message to the responding party. Everyone most be understood correctly to have a response. We can also communicate by telephone, written notes, email, text messages and vocal. 2. Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals? Communication can be difficult, especially when you are in a situation where you are unsure of the language and abilities of those who you are associating with. Its always best when you meet someone to begin communication on your own terms; if you speak English greet them as such, although ensure that you are speaking slowly and clearly. It should be fairly easy to work out whether they have not understood due to communication impairments or language differences based upon their reaction to your initial introduction. If they have disabilities, try to communicate through body language or they may even be able to lipread; perhaps try both to see which they are receptive to, and continue from there. If they seem to be speaking a different language, you can either try speaking in a different tongue (should you know another) or again try body language. You may even know someone nearby who may be able to help you out. 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication? 3. Be able to overcome barriers to communication 3.1 Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in different ways 3.2 Identify barriers to effective communication 3.5 Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively Here are some ways of access extra support or services. There is a number of services that can accessed to support communication. Interpreters Translators signers aduocators There is lots of different specialisr equipment for people that need them. Induction loops braille embossers and printers makaton. The local government body should provide language support services. British sign language interpreters deaf blind interpreters lip speakers or readers You can find services y utilised by educationa; and health sevices through a booking system. There is a local authority educational deportment access to a tea support specialistis indvding speech and language therapists. You can also find information on the internt various specialist website.

Foundations of Politics

Foundations of Politics Foundations of Politics Sarah Quicke How many faces of power do Political scientists need to take into account when carrying out their research? In this essay I will show that there are three faces of power which political scientists need to take into account when carrying out their research. The first face of power is the classical pluralist view of power, presented by Dahl, the second ‘decision making face of power by neo-elitists Bachrach and Baratz, and the third face, the ‘radical view of power by Steven Lukes. The second and third faces of power can be argued to be building upon the faces of power before them. Each face of power gets progressively more complex, and harder to measure and quantify. Therefore, political scientists need to take into account all three faces of power, but bearing in mind that the first face of power is often considered too simplistic, and the third face of power is hard to measure. A common description of power, is how one person, or group of people, ‘affect others, meaning they have influence over the others. However, Morriss argues that â€Å"power is not concerned at all with affecting, though ‘influence is. ‘Power is concerned with effecting, which is a very different idea.† (Morriss, 1987: p. 29). If A has an affect on B, it alters B. If A effects B, it is the cause of the alteration to B. Therefore political scientists need to make as clear a distinction as possible between power and influence, and thus an ‘effect or ‘affect, because there are subtle, but nonetheless, important differences. The faces of power debate, starts with the first face of power, sometimes called the ‘decision making phase by Robert Dahl. â€Å"Thus, for Dahl [power is when]†¦A has power over B to the extent that she can ‘get B to do something that B wouldnt otherwise do†¦where there is an overt conflict of interests.â₠¬  (Hay, 2002: p.172). Essentially, this is about As power to change the decision of B. The conflict of interests mentioned here is an important point underlying this theory. Dahl assumes that B has perfect knowledge that her changed behaviour is against her own interests. In other words, B does not want to change her behaviour and knows it is not good for her, but there is more of an incentive to act as A wishes. This idea of power can be liked to â€Å"physical or mechanical power, in that it implies that power involves being ‘pulled or pushed against ones will† (Haywood, 1994: p.126). Therefore in the example mentioned above, Bs lack of power is matched by As power. As in the subject of physics, where there is a force acting in one direction, there is a counter force acting in the opposing direction. As Colin Hay says: â€Å"power is unproductive or zero sum -some gain only to the extent that others lose out.† (Hay, 2002: p.173) This can be more clearly under stood by the following example: If a brother and a sister are arguing over which programme to watch on television, and unless the sister agrees to let the brother watch what he wants, the brother will take away the remote control. Therefore, it can be argued that the brother is exerting power over the sister. If, however, the sister did not know that her favourite programme was on today, and therefore did not want to watch the television, then the brother would not have to exert any form of power over his sister because there is no conflict of interests (Hay, 2002: p 173) This type of power, although simplistic, is still important for political scientists, as it is overt and it is easy to detect as the actors involved can readily be identified. Robert Dahl found an example of this form of power in a study carried on in New Haven, Connecticut in the USA, which is described in his work, ‘Who Governs? (1963). In this study, Dahl found â€Å"a wide disparity between the influence exerted by the politically privileged and economically powerful†¦[in contrast with] ordinary citizens.† (Haywood, 1994: p.125). This face of power has faced much criticism, because only deals with the decision-making, after the agenda has been set. As in the case of New Haven, the distribution of power is not as clear-cut as Dahl has suggested. Dahl found significant differences in the amount of power two groups of society had, however, the scope of the power each group has may only be very small. In an article published in response to Dahls findings, G. William Domhoff says: â€Å"Dahl emphasized that there were indeed inequalities in New Haven. However, they were dispersed inequalities, (Dahl, 1961, pp. 91-93) meaning that no one group had all of the different types of resources.†(Google scholar, 2005) For example, the economically powerful Dahl mentions in his study, may only have influence over business related policies, and therefore little or no influence over other policies and resources. This means in the context of the state, it is about what the government do, for example, changes in taxation, interest rates, and the introduction of new laws. At a basic level the second face of power is concerned with how groups in society have influence over the agenda for the decision-making. These groups have an indirect but nonetheless, important role in the final decision made. Bachrach and Baratz have said power can be utilised when â€Å"A devotes his energies to creating or reinforcing social and political values†¦that limit the scope of the political process to public consideration of only those issues which are comparatively innocuous to A† (Google scholar), 1994, p: 948). This is an important point for political scientists to take into account, because it makes significant progress from Dahls behavioural relationship in the first face of power. In this case, groups such as businesses, aristocracy and the very wealthy, say for example in a small community, may have power to prevent certain decisions from being discussed at all, because they have influenced the agenda. For example, if a business were dumping waste ma terials in a nearby river, it would be against their interests if stopping water pollution were added to the agenda. Therefore, the business may suggest other topics to add to the agenda or persuade others not to add to this to the agenda. This also leads on to the point that Andrew Haywood makes about how the ‘form of power has changed in the second face. Haywood argues that Dahls one-dimensional view of power â€Å"ignores the extent to which power is a possession, reflected perhaps in wealth, political position, social status and so forth† (Haywood, 1994: p.126). By possession it is implied that power is already ‘owned by these groups and thus can be used at a time and place of their choosing. This means that these groups only have to intervene in the agenda setting when they have a personal interest in the matter. Bachrach and Baratzs idea of power builds on that of Dahls incorporating the visible power that can be seen by the public on the decisions being made, but also power that is not visible to the public. Bachrach and Baratz imply that there is a distinction between the formality of the decision making process, and an informality of the non-decision or agenda setting process. As discussed above, the decision making process is a relatively overt one. In contrast, the agents in the agenda setting process are less identifiable, because the number of agents who have influence over the agenda setting process has increased. For example, if A has power over B and B has power over C and C is involved in the agenda setting process, then it is fair to say that C has been influenced by A and B. Therefore, this is important to political scientists because they need to be able to identify who has exercised power, in order to analyse who has had the biggest influence in the agenda setting. As well as identifying who has power, they would need to take in to account the relative amounts of power involved groups have. If, in the example above, A only has a small amount of influence over B but B has a large influence over C then the distribution of power is uneven. It may appear that B has had a significant influence over C, but actually it is A who has had the most influence. Situations like this one would be difficult for political scientists to analyse. Although Bachrach and Baratz have made a significant advance on Dahls one-dimensional view of power, the main criticism made against them is that they still have not acknowledged that power relationships may exist covertly. Their theory is based (in much the same way as Dahls) on the assumption of visible power relationships. Both the first and second face of power fail to recognise that power may be exercised by manipulation and persuasion. The first and second faces of power both assume that individuals and groups act rationally, but Steven Lukes, in his theory of the third face of power or ‘the radical view of power, argues that this is impossible and against human nature. As Colin Hay explains: In expanding the notion of power to include preference shaping, [Lukes] is forced to draw the distinction between subjective or perceived interests on the one hand, and actual or ‘real interests on the other, suggesting that where power is exercised it involves the subversion of the latter. (2002, p.180). Perceived interests are what we know to be our real interests, which are influenced or ‘shaped by the world around us, the people in our lives and the way we have been brought up, as well as the media. The crucial point here is that we believed our perceived interests to be our real interests, because we are not able to determine what our real interests are. Real interests are â€Å"what [people] would want and prefer were they able to make the choice† (Hay, 2002, p.180). This is a rational idea because it is suggesting that people are living in a blinkered world, and are not fully aware of what their actual preferences and interests are. The difference between perceived and real interest is where power can be exercised. For example if A can get B to do x by persuading B that x is in Bs perceived interests, where B does not know that doing x is actually against Bs real interests then this an example of a power relationship. Both Hay and Haywood would say that B is exhibi ting ‘false consciousness. Colin Hay argues against Lukes theory, saying that the condition of real interests is impossible as it relies on perfect knowledge which is impossible to acquire in the real world: â€Å"There is nothing objective about the process by which one ascertains ones genuine interests, since ones objective interests are ones perceived interests under the conditions of complete information.† (Hay, 2002, p.182). Lukes idea of complete information argues that people should have full understanding of the world around them and what was best for them. This means that these people would not be influenced or persuaded because they will be able to make a distinction between real interests and the perceived interests that are thrust upon them. Put in the simplest terms, Lukes is suggesting that we dont know what is really best for us; we have a blinkered view of the world and our interests. This is an obvious criticism, as it is impossible to prove or quantify objective and real interests, and if there is any such difference between them. It is unrealistic to suggest that anyone can exist under conditions of perfect knowledge, because this would mean acquiring full knowledge of everything in the world. Also the idea that people are living under the term (which both Hay and Haywood frequently use) called ‘false consciousness. This is indeed a radical one, as it is suggesting that people are incapable of making rational judgements for themselves. People may take offensively to this view as they may understand Lukes to mean that they are ‘stupid because they cannot determine their real interests. To conclude, all three faces of power are significant and each bring something different to the debate surrounding power. However, the third face of power is the most important for political scientists to take into account because it is the most realistic, and is the most all-encompassing form of power. It is easy think of an example of this form of power in our everyday lives. However, it is difficult for political scientists to measure and quantify what groups in society have power and power distribution. Due to the nature of the third face of power, it is likely that political scientists may disagree over such issues as real and perceived interests because political scientists may have been ‘brought up on different political assumptions and points of view. Bibliography: Bachrach, B Barats, M. S, (1994) Two faces of Power, American Political Science Review (Routledge) Domhoff, G W, (2005) Who Rules America: Who really rules in Dahls New Haven? Full address: http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/new_haven.html Hay, C (ed.) (2002) Political Analysis A Critical Introduction (Palgrave Macmillan) Haywood, A (1994) Political Ideas And Concepts (Bedford) Lukes, S (1974) Power: A radical View, Macmillan Press. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=zYuPgt4AJysCoi=fndpg=PA296dq=steven+lukes+power+a+radical+viewots=rtYtry_yv1sig=GYzVxQlnHFJOdcva4UOSEyoPhEM#PPA296,M1 Morriss, P, (1987), Power: A philosophical Analysis (Manchester University Press)

Role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection

Role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection To analyse the role of HR managers in Recruitment and Selection, it essential to firstly understand what is Recruitment and Selection, in what ways does it affect the goals of the organisations. When an employee leaves an organisation, it affects not only the organisation but also the individual employee and society as a whole (Mobley, 1982, p. 15- 31, cited in Morrell et al., 2001, p. 220). The productivity and efficiency of organisations depend upon the quality of their workforce or human capital and there is a general agreement that its fixed capital is relatively increasing (Wolf and Jenkins, 2006). The HR managers should develop strategic methods for Recruitment and Selection. Schmitt and Chan (1998:239), defined the goals of strategic HRM, to acquire deploy and allocate human resources in ways that provide the organisation with a competitive advantage (Wolf and Jenkins, 2006). Recruitment and Selection is one of the element of an array of HR practices that needs to be integrate d into a coherent bundle by organisations in order to support the delivery of cooperate strategy. Recruitment and Selection is the main function of Human Resourcing in organisations (Newell and Rice, 1999, cited in Millmore, 2003, p. 8). Recruitment and Selection as The processes by which organizations solicit, contact, and interest potential appointees, and then establish whether it would be appropriate to appoint any of them (Watson, 1994, p.185 cited in Bratton and Gold, 1999, p.192). Recruitment involves the utilization of organisational practices to influence the number and types of individuals who are willing to apply for job vacancies (Rynes, 1991; Rynes Cable, 2003). Recruitment can focus on internal labour market (like pursuing staff already employed by the organization) or external labour market (like pursuing applicants from outside the organization). Internal candidates can be recruited through internal job postings, word-of-mouth or internship programs. (Casper) Organisations are undergoing changes in terms of expansion-beyond the local to national and international frontiers. Therefore, recruitment and selection processes used by organisations are becoming more sophisticated. Selection is a process through which a firm chooses an applicant from a pool of applicants for a post, within the organisation by using techniques to decide which applicant is best suited for the vacancy in question by contrast recruitment involves choosing an applicant from an ex ternal pool by actively soliciting applications from potential employees. Recruitment is a positive activity where the employers sell themselves into the labour market to increase the pool of deserving candidates, from which employees are chosen. Selection can be viewed as a negative activity as it involves choosing the best candidate. The goal of recruitment and selection processes is to judge the psychological difference between individuals and its relationship to following job performance. The recruitment and selection process has two main characteristics attraction which determines how an individual becomes an applicant it signifies the two-way power relationship involved in selection and assessment which refers to assessment of application within a work context this is done by using tools like references, curriculum vitas, autobiographical application blanks, interviews, personality psychometric tests and work-sample methods (Searle, 2003). Assessment of suitability for organi sational needs reflect priorities in an employers agenda, rather than a potential employees concerns (Schuler et al., 1993, cited in Ramsay et al., 1999, p. 65). In the 1980s, major changes took place in regards to HR practices within the organisations. This was a result of increasing awareness and impact of HR on the firms. During this period the HR policies emerged as a lever for organisations, assisting them in repositioning or strengthening, their place within a particular sector. As a part of resultant changes, selection and recruitment processes were recognised as critical components in successful change management (Iles and Salaman, 1995, p. 203). The integration and internal consistency of HR systems is important for organisational success (Legge, 1995). Recruitment and Selection is one of the tools within the HR strategy. For an HR manager hiring competent people is of paramount importance which can be attained by using effective recruitment and selection processes, with the goal of choosing the right candidate and rejecting the wrong. For example: The Telebank case study (Korczynski et al., 1999, cited in Callaghan and Thompson, 2002), reflects a shift in trend from manufacturing to service sector contribution in the overall economy. In service sector, work and empathy towards the customer plays a prime role in recruitment and other HR processes. Its therefore important for the HR Manager to recruit a staff with the desired attitudinal and behavioural characteristics, induct them in the companys philosophy and retain them. As an HR Manager it is essential to note that selection frequently focuses on attitudes to flexibility and service to customer than skill or qualification levels of the candidate (Redman and Mathews, 1998, p. 60 cited in Callaghan and Thompson, 2002). Also attracting good talent me ans increase in remuneration rate, better pay package, working conditions, job security and internal career mapping (Arthur, 1994; Appelbaum et al., 2000; Batt et al., 2002, cited in Smith et al., 2004). Bach (2008) defines Recruitment as the process of attracting people who might make an organizational contribution to fill a particular role or job. Approaches to Recruitment: Internal Recruitment: Most of the private sector employers, attempt to fill vacancies internally before they consider looking for people outside the organisation (Newell and Shackleton 2000, p. 116, CIPD 2003b, p. 11). Public sector is open to advertising both internally and externally. Fuller and Huber (1998, p. 621) have identified four different forms of internal recruitment activities namely, internal promotions, lateral transfers, job rotation, re-hiring former employees. This is profitable for both the employees and the organisations. Internal recruitment is cost effective and firms do not have to advertise jobs, it can be done by using intranet services, newsletters and staff notice boards. It helps in boosting the morale of the employee, building a strong internal labour force. The organisation also maximises its return on investment in staff training, by bringing in increased motivation, deepened skills and high level of commitment, providing the organisation with a competit ive edge leading to organisational effectiveness. Selection is done on the basis of the individuals merit and knowledge. The organisations express their models of employee characteristics and the behaviour required of potential employees through competency frameworks (Roberts, 1997). These frameworks help the organisations to recruit and select the suitable people through sophisticated techniques. There are certain negative aspects of internal recruitment as well; if all the recruitment to all the positions is done internally, it would lead to stagnation, there would be lack of originality and a fall in the organisations knowledge base. It might so happen that the best suited candidate for the job is not currently working for the organisation. Internal recruitment adds to the long term imbalances of the workforce, the ethnic minorities who are not well represented will be subjected to inequality. IRS (2002d) highlights a problematic feature of internal recruitment; it includes the n eed of managing of situations in which candidates are unsuccessful. Turning down external candidates would not cause a problem instead turning down internal candidates would create a difficult situation which then needs careful management. Exclusive use of internal recruitment is less common in the public sector organisations, as they believe in advertising all vacancies externally. They do so because they at all levels want to reflect that their staffs reflect the make-up of the whole society. For example NHS and local governments advertise their jobs in newspapers. (Storey, 2007). External Recruitment: there are lots of different approaches used to attract prospective candidates, more conventional than the other. There are five formal methods used for most of the jobs, these are, Printed media which includes national newspapers, local newspapers, trade and professional journals, magazines. External agencies which includes job centres, outplacement consultants, head-hunters, employment agencies, Forces Resettlement Agency, Recruitment consultants. Education Liaison consists of careers service, career fairs, college tutors, career advisors, student societies. Other media includes direct mail, local radio, teletext, billboards, internet, TV and cinema. Professional contacts consist of conferences, trade union referrals, suppliers, industry contacts. There are some other methods that can be used such as word of mouth or grapevine. These are cost effective as well. A lot of considerations must be taken into mind before deciding which method to use. For example, it would be inappropriate to advertise for an engineer in a medical journal. Another consideration is the number of applicants each method can yield and the ability of the personnel specialists to administer them effectively. For example, opening a new store would lead in creation of hundreds of new jobs. There is a new method of external recruitment known as E- recruitment or Internet Recruitment. In the first few years of the 21st century it has been noticed that there is an expansion to include vacancies in all work areas over the internet. Over 70 percent of employers were advertising some jobs on the internet in 2003 (CIPD 2003b, p15). The web based recruitment has changed the way the recruitment industry operates, it is a revolutionary development. Internet Recruitmen t is of four different forms, namely, Employer websites it involves maintaining pages of vacancy as a part of their organisations websites. They are cheap to operate for the employee and provide numerous options to the organisation in choosing its employee. This method has drawbacks as well, this approach this viable for large- sized employers within defined labour markets, medium or small scale employers will not benefit from this approach. Cyber agencies involve making use of specialist employment agencies that operates on the web, well known examples are Monster.com. They advertise the jobs as well as undertake short listing on behalf of employers depending on the CVs sent by candidates. Schreyer and McCarter (1998, p. 222) stated that in time a handful of highly sophisticated, international operations will emerge and carry general job vacancies on behalf of the industrialised world. Jobsites linked to newspapers and journals includes all recruitment-based websites that runs parallel with job based operations, for example, London Evening Standard. These sites publish jobs which have already been published in newspapers and journals. The advantage of this is that the job seekers can directly reach the employers site via hotlink, send an e-mail and search for vacancies in the job bank. Jobsites operated by employment agencies includes employment agents developing a formidable web presence. The job seekers register with these agencies and browse vacancies using the search engine. The government also advertises its vacancies on the internet via its Learning and Work Bank. Employee Recruitment and selection is one of the key functions of a manager. The manager has to take the decision whether to recruit internally or externally. WERS survey questioned managers whether internal applicants are given more preference over external applicants while filling vacancies. The majority of the managers responded that both external and internal applicants were treated equally, 10percent preferred external applicants where as one-fifth preferred internal applicants. Large workplaces which consisted of more than 100 employees preferred internal applicants than smaller workplaces. Private sector workplaces preferred internal applicants in comparison to the public sector workplace who preferred recruiting external applicants. This association held for after controlling for workplace size. Managers preferring to recruit internally was unchanged during 1998 to 2004. HR practices being outsourced is an increasing phenomenon these days. Recruitment and Selection has become one of the outsourced HR practices, depending on the size of the firm. For example: Andrea Ordanini Giacomos article is based on outsourcing the decisions of Recruitment and Selection. They stated that an efficient model based on competitive motivations, transaction cost economy was formed and was tested in 276 organisations both medium and large. It was found that both efficiency motivations and competitive issues are important. Selection is the process by which managers and others use specific instruments to choose from a pool of applicants a person or persons most likely to succeed in the job(s), given management goals and legal requirement (Bratton and Gold, 2003, p. 221). There are two key principles underlying the process of selection, they are individual differences, a way of measuring how one individual is distinct from other. They may differ in terms of intelligence, skills, age, experience, etc. Then is prediction, which recognises that individual differences may be a measure of predicting performance at workplace. Interview is the most common method of selection, as shown in Figure 2 below. However, firms are realising the importance of selection and are applying other methods to bring in effectiveness to the process. Smith and Graves (2002) have highlighted that there are concerns expressed in the literature about the usage of traditional interview methods. Along with the interview, other methods like application forms and letters of reference are used which is referred as the classic trio by Cook (1994, p. 15). Viewed from a psychometric perspective three criterias are applied to measure the effectiveness of the selection tool (Bratton and Gold, 2007, p. 258). These are validity, concerns the degree of appropriateness of what is being measured, reliability which focuses on accuracy of the data and lastly, usefulness. Validity can be defined as the agreement between a test score or measure and the quantity it is believed to measure (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2001, p. 32). The definition emphasises on what does the test offer to measure and what it really measures. Validity may also depend upon the purpose of the test. For example, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is a personality-assessment test but is stated that it is a valid test only for development purposes. Validity is a difficult issue to prove, there are four ways to identify validity: face validity, content validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity. Out of these types of validity the most important is the predictive or criterion- related validity. It involves establishing relation between predictors and the criterion.Face validity is important for people who are taking the test; it depends on the appearance of the test. The test-takers have put in their time and effort to get a job and therefore, should feel satisfied by the assessment and feel it was relevant. It may sometimes have an adverse effect on the test- users who keep deciding which tool to use for selection. Sometimes without accessing the entire information through the manual handbooks about the test, the test-user makes a decision depending upon how the test looks. It may therefore provide false validity and may prove to be a distraction. Content validity is concerned with accuracy of the theory it covers. It is found in attainment, when a person is required to display their knowledge or skills in a particular area. For example, a test assessing competence of a Personnel Manager would be expected to include items taken from Human resource syllabus. Content validity is the only form of validity which is based on logical information. There are two problems of content validity namely, content under- representation, that is when an important component or information relevant to the theory is omitted. The second issue is construct- irrelevant variance that is contaminating the conceptual domain by components which are not relevant.Construct validity was introduced by Cronbach and Meehl (1955) when they stated that underlying each test there is a construct that gets assessed. It assumes that anything can be defined and measured. All the information regarding the definition of the topic that is being assessed and the develop ment procedure for the test should be present in the test manual. The test manual shows the composition of the test and also defines the population used for comparisons. An advantage of construct validity is that the tools occupy a conceptual domain; it is entirely based on theory. The new construction methods use Item Response Theory (IRT). In this theory the test must measure an underlying construct, it should be uni-dimensional, but it does not specify what construct it is or what construct it must be (Schimidt et.al., 2000). Criterion-related validity states what is being measured to an external criterion. It can be assessed in two different ways, namely, concurrent validity and predictive validity. Concurrent validity can be checked by assessing the test- takers performance, at that particular time in the test as they undertake another assessment. It deals with current level of individuals performance. This assessment is based on the validity of both the test and verifies the validity of the criterion. For example Eyesenck Personality Test. Predictive validity emphasises on the future and assesses the person to reveal the connection between the initial result and the latter outcome, at two separate points. This is an important tool for identifying individuals suitable for promotion to senior roles. Reliability mainly refers to the stability of a method used to select individuals. There are many types of reliability out of which three are the most important one in relation to selection methods. First being Testee reliability that is the test should provide the same result overtime. Then comes Tester reliability, it states that if one individual is interviewed by two different people and they both have different opinions about him, that is if one is satisfied and the other is not. It can be concluded that the selection method is not reliable. Thirdly, Test reliability states that there should be consistency in the results. Interview being the most common method of selection which has been noticed above, but research shows that other methods are used in combination with it. The pre- selection method starts first with application forms, CVs and sometimes biographical data consisting of individuals experiences and achievements. It has been noticed that bio datas improve validity. Gathering CVs through internet also improves the early screening process. The other methods used in selection are Interviews it may be structured or unstructured interviews, psychological tests which includes cognitive tests, personality tests, assessment centres which includes interviews, psychometric tests, stimulation of actual work tasks in order to observe job-related behaviours (Cooper and Robertson, 1995). Conclusion Smith (1994) differentiated between three forms of individual characteristics that relate to job performance: universals which refers to characteristics relevant to all jobs; occupational which refers to characteristics preferable to a particular job or occupation; and lastly relationals it refers to characteristics relevant in a particular work setting. This structure suggests that it is necessary to match characteristics of individuals with the characteristics of the particular work setting. Research has shown that people who fit in the work setting are more committed and satisfied compared to people who do not fit. (OReilly et al.1991). Thus recruitment and selection process is of utmost importance. Organisations have now got the ability to construct appropriate models for recruitment and selection by using reliable and valid techniques. Recruitment and selection are the first stage of interaction between organisations and applicants, which forms the employment relationship. (Brat ton and Gold,1999,p.207). Recruitment and selection are a part of the broader process of socialisation. Selectors should be aware of how well particular methods predict future performance (their validity) and of different methods cost, accuracy of tests. Growing awareness of the potential contribution of HR practices to business strategy (Guest and King, 2004) may increase organisational receptiveness to HR involvement (Wolf and Jenkins, 2006). Finally, I would like to conclude by saying that both the methods of recruitment, internal and external are important for the functioning of the organisation and also depends upon the size of the organisation. From the above argument we get a clear picture that managers should be very strategic. They should look at the validity and reliability of every method of selection. For example: we cannot use only CVs to recruit a middle manager. REFERENCES: Bach, S. (2008) Managing Human Resources: Personnel Management in Transition. 4th edition. Blackwell Publishing, UK Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2008) Strategy and Human Resource Management. 2nd edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 2nd edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2003) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 3rd edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice. 4th edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York Callaghan, G. and Thompson, P. (2002) We recruit attitude: The selection and shaping of routine call centre labour, Journal of Management Studies: 39(2): 233-254 Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, D., Oxenbridge, S. (2007) Inside the workplace: Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Oxon: Routledge Millmore, M. (2003) Just how extensive is the practice of strategic recruitment and selection, Irish Journal of Management, 24(1): 87-108 Morrell, K., Loan-Clarke, J. and Wilkinson, A. (2001) Unweaving Leaving: the use of models in the management of employee turnover, International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(3): 5-22 Nolan, P. (1992) Securing human resources: Employer strategies and the labour market, in E. Thorne (ed.) The Challenge of the Economic Environment, Open University Press Ordanini, A. and Silvestri, G. (2008) Recruitment and selection services: efficiency and competitive reasons in the outsourcing of HR practices, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19,2, pp 372-391 Ramsay, H. and Scholarios, D. (1999) Selective decisions: Challenging orthodox analyses of the hiring process, International Journal of Management Reviews, 1(4): 63-89 Searle, R. (2003) Selection and Recruitment A critical text, Milton Keynes: The Open University 1st edition: Palgrave Macmillan: UK Smith, C., Daskalaki, M, Elger, T. and Brown, D. (2004) Labour turnover and management retention strategies in new manufacturing plants, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(2): 371-396 Storey, J. (2007) Human Resource Management a critical text. 3rd edition. Thomson Learning, London Taylor, S. (2005) People Resourcing. 3rd edition CIPD, London Torrington, D., Hall, L., and Taylor S. (2002) Human Resource Management. 5th edition. FT Prentice Hall, England Wolf, A. and Jenkins, A. (2006) Explaining greater test use for selection: the role of HR professionals in a world of expanding regulation, Human Resource Management Journal, 16(2): 193-213

Uses of Petroleum :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Petroleum products are used widely in our everyday lives. They are used to power automobiles produce containers and to keep us warm. Petroleum, or crude oil is liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. The word petroleum comes from the two Latin words â€Å"petro† and â€Å"leum† â€Å"petro† meaning rock and â€Å"leum† meaning oil. The chemical composition of all petroleum is principally hydrocarbons which are a family of organic compounds, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum is formed under Earth’s surface by the decomposition of organisms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The remains of tiny organisms that live in the sea are trapped with the sands and silts that settle to the bottom in sea basins. These deposits become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life, and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloor under their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the ones below increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone and the remains of the dead organisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas. Surface deposits of crude oil have been known to humans for thousands of years. In the areas where they occurred, they were long used for limited purposes, such as caulking boats, waterproofing cloth, and fueling torches. By the time the Renaissance began in the 14th century, some surface deposits were being distilled to obtain lubricants and medicinal products, but the real exploitation of crude oil did not begin until the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution had by then brought about a search for new fuels, and the social changes it effected had produced a need for good, cheap oil for lamps; people wished to be able to work and read after dark. Once petroleum forms, it flows upward in Earth’s crust because it has a lower density than the brines that saturate the interstices of the sands and carbonate rocks that constitute the crust of Earth. The crude oil and natural gas rise into the pores of the coarser sediments lying above. For several years people had known that wells drilled for water and salt were occasionally infiltrated by petroleum, so the concept of drilling for crude oil itself soon followed.

Michael Kordas defining Success :: essays research papers

Michael Korda's "Defining Success" From reading " Defining Success " by Michael Korda, I agree and also disagree with Michael on his way of defining success. The first indicator of success comes when one is making more than one is spending. There are few things that he has left out on how to becoming a success. The things are if you are from a rich family, how well you are educated and who you know. Of course, if you aim at a dream that is so far beyond your reach then you would bound to fail. I agree with this but it also depends on a person. If that person has a low income then their dreams should not be so far of their reach. But, if that person's dream is so far then sometimes it could inspire them to go for it. If they only have a small dream then it could lead to laziness and they wouldn't want to stress out because of a small outcome on success. Another thing is that if that person is from a rich family then their dreams is most likely beyond their reach. This is because they have capitol and capitol can almost buy dreams. Why have a small dream. Education also plays an important role in success. Not unless they got lucky on becoming a movie star or on a cover of a magazine because they were noticed or spotted by some important person. Without education then you wouldn't have any ideas where to start on how to become successful. Also, you wouldn't have any confidence because you would be afraid and wouldn't know how to face obstacles that might be in the way of your dream. Education would at least give you ideas on where to start and how to prosper. Education makes you a more excellent person. It helps you to socialize better with other people. It takes more than just a common sense. Last thing is that the person you know could make you become successful. It's like connection. If you know an important person such as a movie director, actor, actress or even managers, this person could help in a big way. An important person will know another important person if they can't help. If you become successful by these people then you got the easy way out. It is actually the best way because you got the most support. No matter how big your dream is you can still reach it even though it is Michael Kordas "defining Success" :: essays research papers Michael Korda's "Defining Success" From reading " Defining Success " by Michael Korda, I agree and also disagree with Michael on his way of defining success. The first indicator of success comes when one is making more than one is spending. There are few things that he has left out on how to becoming a success. The things are if you are from a rich family, how well you are educated and who you know. Of course, if you aim at a dream that is so far beyond your reach then you would bound to fail. I agree with this but it also depends on a person. If that person has a low income then their dreams should not be so far of their reach. But, if that person's dream is so far then sometimes it could inspire them to go for it. If they only have a small dream then it could lead to laziness and they wouldn't want to stress out because of a small outcome on success. Another thing is that if that person is from a rich family then their dreams is most likely beyond their reach. This is because they have capitol and capitol can almost buy dreams. Why have a small dream. Education also plays an important role in success. Not unless they got lucky on becoming a movie star or on a cover of a magazine because they were noticed or spotted by some important person. Without education then you wouldn't have any ideas where to start on how to become successful. Also, you wouldn't have any confidence because you would be afraid and wouldn't know how to face obstacles that might be in the way of your dream. Education would at least give you ideas on where to start and how to prosper. Education makes you a more excellent person. It helps you to socialize better with other people. It takes more than just a common sense. Last thing is that the person you know could make you become successful. It's like connection. If you know an important person such as a movie director, actor, actress or even managers, this person could help in a big way. An important person will know another important person if they can't help. If you become successful by these people then you got the easy way out. It is actually the best way because you got the most support. No matter how big your dream is you can still reach it even though it is

Depression and Finding Help Essay -- Depression Psychiatry Psychology

Depression and Finding Help Depression is defined as an illness; the feelings of depression persist and interfere with a child or adolescent’s ability to function. Depression can be a very difficult and painful experience that affects not only the individual suffering from it, but also the people around them. There comes a point in some peoples’ lives where social isolation, low energy, sadness, low self-esteem, and the feeling of hopelessness, cannot be taken anymore. The feelings are so strong and persistent, that the victim becomes severely unhappy, which can then result in depression. Clinical depression has many related symptoms trouble sleeping, eating disorders, withdrawal and inactivity, self-punishment, and loss of pleasure. People that are depressed do not like to do things they may usually like to. However, there are many differences between feeling depressed and actually suffering from depression, the disease. Any person feels depressed at some time or another in their life. They feel worthless, tired and tend to want to be alone without human interaction, this is normal. Depression brings on poor concentration or inability to think and make decisions (Kist 26). Surveys that have been taken that show approximately 20 in 100 people suffer from depression at any one time. About one if four Americans will suffer from a depression over the course of their lifetime. Depression strikes men and women of all ages, in all races, but most studies indicate that women are more often afflicted. Depression comes in many different types: major, manic and dysthymia are a few. A chronic, physical illness, drug habit, death of a loved one; or a problem in a marriage cause major depression. Even though most people with major depression will recover, half will suffer another episode (Hales 38). People with severe cases of major depression can’t work, study, or interact and eventually can’t feed, clothe or clean themselves (Hales 38).Manic depression is a type of depres sion that goes from a person being extremely happy and then becoming severely depressed (Kist 107). Being in a depressed state can be life threatening. People suffering from manic depression show many symptoms. A few major ones are hyperactivity; talking fast, inability, fear of dying, and jumping from one topic to another during a conversation (Kist 39). Another type is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanaly... ...on to a better, more productive lifestyle. Overall, there are many causes of this unbearable disease, and often many times a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors are involved in the onset of a depressive disorder. However, the big risk factor in major depression is suicide. Within five years of suffering from major depression, an estimated 25% of sufferers try to kill themselves. Therefore, it is important to take action when confronted with the symptoms of this disease. Depression reaches many people and that is why I chose this as my topic. Depression is maybe the most painful illness, but it can be overcome. Hopefully everyone with depression seeks help either through medication or therapy. Bibliography Blackman, Maurice. You Asked about †¦ Adolescent Depression. Available at http://www.mental.health.com/mag1/pgs51-dp01.html Hales, Dianne. Depression. Chelsea House Publishers, New York, Philadelphia, 1989. Kist, Jay. "Dealing with Depression† Current Health 2 Jan.1997 25-28. Lytle, Victoria. The dark clouds of Depression. NEA Today Dec.1994. Spike Milligan and Anthony Clare. Depression and how to Survive it. Arrow 1994.

Knowlege on Segway

The Segway Personal Transporter (PT) represents the next generation in personal mobility, offering several advancements that make the ride even more intuitive and productive than ever before. Other examples of Segway Smart Motionâ„ ¢ technology and licensing of Segway Smart Motion technology to other third-party companies, demonstrate that Segway continues to challenge the assumptions and expand the boundaries of traditional transportation. For Consumers. You can choose between the versatile and sleek flagship model, the Segway i2 with lithium-ion batteries standard); the Segway x2, or six different fully equipped packages tailored to such uses as commuting and golf. The Segway i2 is a great way to enjoy the ride while commuting to work, running errands, or just traveling a short distance where a car is more hassle than it's worth. The Segway x2 brings added versatility to your world, offering sturdy capability in rugged off-sidewalk terrains such as trails, bike paths or beachfronts. The Segway x2 Golf package is an innovative, fun and flexible way to play around. And remember, fun is engineered into every Segway PT we build! Go to our easy to use configurator to build your own Segway PT and decide which Segway PT may be best suited for you. Every Segway PT is engineered from the groundup for durability and reliable operation for years to come, and they all come standard with a one-year limited warranty. For Businesses Businesses worldwide have discovered the enhanced productivity and increased mobility inherent to the versatile, reliable and durable Segway i2. The Segway i2 has been developed to excel in speed, range, and maneuverability in varied environments. It comes standard with lithium-ion batteries for extended range of up to 24 miles on a single charge. Packages tailored to the needs of security and commercial customers are now available and an additional range of accessories can be added for true customization. Police and security agencies worldwide are using Segway products to patrol airports, transit stations, manufacturing facilities, shopping malls and campuses. Check out the versatile Segway i2 Police , optimized for policing needs with additional cargo and reflectivity options. For businesses operating in outdoor environments, the Segway x2 maximizes performance on diverse off-sidewalk terrain. This rugged version of our venerable Segway PT makes tackling rough terrain a breeze. Equipped with standard lithium-ion batteries and low-pressure tires. The Segway Robotic Mobility Platform (RMP) takes the performance and engineering prowess demonstrated in the Segway PT and makes it available in a durable package for robotics applications.

Impact of Public Debt Burden on Economic Growth of Bangladesh Essay

AbstractBangladesh is relying heavily on worldly concern debt to meet the compute famine since its independence. In this make-up, the design is to invent divulge whether the establishment of Bangladesh is excessively borrowing from the ordinary sources and consequently interdictly affecting the thriftiness of the realm. For this mapping gross domestic product offset ordinate (GDP), manufacturing sector harvesting wander (MANF), enthronement as dower of GDP (INV) and exporting as percentage of GDP (EXP) hold back been selected for judging the wedge of man debt point (DB) on these variables. The resume fulfilment is 1980-81 to 2011-12. augment Dickey-Fuller strain has been apply to diagnose whether the eon serial publication entropy are non-stationary. farmer causality demonstrate has been performed to identify whether DB back tooth be used for prescience of GDP, MANF, INV and EXP, and vice-versa.Then on the basis of the take of Johansen co-integra tion canvass, sender Autoregressive (VAR) prototype has been used to view divulge the persistent term railroad tie amid each set of variables. But, the entrust shows that in Bangladesh, there is no dogged term statistically signifi fuelt crosstie ofDB with any of the above mentioned sparingal indicators. Thus, it can be said that habitual debt accuse has no positive or negative intrusion on the scotch harvest of Bangladesh. Keywords frequent Debt consign, Economic Growth, house servant Debt, External Debt, Johansen Co-integration, granger Causality JEL categorization Codes C22, H68, R42, E62, O111. IntroductionBangladesh, a young land lodeed with scant natural resources and a burgeoning population, has always depended on loans and grants to fulfill its ambitions and thus deficit budgets arrive at become the norm. work out deficits are financed by- printing money, foreign borrowings and municipal borrowings and running down foreign transfigure reserves. According to the economists and interrogationers, Bangladesh is using all quad options mentioned above and corporate trust of Bangladesh government on foreign and home(prenominal) help loans is crowding out private investings and thus stifling the scotch growth. Excessive dependency on state-supported debt will not exclusively frustrate the catamenia sparing growth provided also will affect the parsimoniousness negatively in the long run, as the future generations build to bear the turn on of large amount of debt servicing. This canvas is aimed at drawing empirical evidence, whether heavy reliance on macrocosm debt in per annum budgets is hampering the scotch growth of the country. in that location is frequently debate on the issue whether existence borrowing has a positive or negative relationship with the economic growth of a country. According to the followers of innocent school of thoughts of economics, man debt slows down the economic growth of a country and public debt should be kept as minimal as possible. barely, the Keynesian economists are exceedingly flexible some public borrowing. The paper is arranged as follows the first component introduces the demand the second ingredient describes the current scenario and trends of budget deficit and public debt charge up of Bangladesh the findings of the related literature are reviewed in the third section the fourth and twenty percent sections concern the research objective, pretenses specification, taste size and sources of data and definitions of the related variables the esteems and expositions of the analyses are presented in the sixth section and the final section consists of a summary and conclusion of the study.2. publications ReviewA large scrap of studies had been conducted to identify the meet of public debt burden on the economic growth of a country across the world. In Bangladesh a several number of research studies had been through on the sustainability of public debt burden and on the crowding out effect. However in Bangladesh very few studies have been do using the Vector Auto-regressive model, to identify the relate of public debt burden on the economic growth of the country. Fosu (1996) investigated the debt jut out supposal by studying 13 severely obligated(predicate) countries- Zambia, Venezuela, Sierra Leone, Philippines, Peru, Morocco, Mexico, Kenya, Honduras, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Argentina and Algeria. The sample period was 1971 to 1991 and the author used OLS estimation mode for panel data. The author engraft the negative and robust relationship in the midst of enthronization and international debt. Qureshi & Ali (2010) analyzed the bushel of high public debt burden on the economy of Pakistan.The sample of the study was 1981 to 2008. From their study a vast negative impact of public debt on the economy of Pakistan had been plunge by the authors. Ahmed & Shakur( 2011) performed a research to cotton up the prob lems created by the debt ( outer debt) to economic growth of Pakistan. They have used the building block root taste and Johansen co-integration to analyze beat serial data from FY 1981 to FY 2008. The Granger Causality Vector erroneousness bailiwick (GCVEC) method proved unifacial relationship between outer debt and growth rate of GDP per capita. Wijeweera, Dollery & Pathberya (2005), investigated the connections between impertinent debt servicing and economic growth in Srilanka during 1952-2002 by using co-integration methodology for the long run defect correction method for the short run.they find negative impact of debt servicing on the economic growth but insignificant. Theason is that the external indebtness is not too high in Srilanka.The result request that Srilanka does not have a debt overhang problem and further they conclude that there is no short run relationshi between debt servicing and GNP. Hyman (2007) conducted a study on the impact of high debt burden on the economic growth of six Carribean countries. He put up that the high indebtness of these small Carribean countries is cause negative economic growth rate. Ogunmuyiwa (2011) take apartd whether external debt actually promotes economic growth in developing countries using Nigeria as a case study. Time serial publication data from 1970-2007 were fitted into the regression equation using various(a)econometric techniques such as increase Dickey Fuller (ADF) shield, Granger occasion test, Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM). Empirical results reveal that source does not exist between external debt and economic growth as antecedent between debt and growth was also found to be weak and insignificant in Nigeria. El-Mahdy & Torayeh (2009) used data for the period 1981-2006 to find out the debt sustainability of Egypt and the results obtained from cointegration model revealed that the public domestic debt in Egypt has a robust negative impact on growth.The sustainability of debt was examined used most algebra methods. From a study of International monetary Fund (2008), Bangladeshs risk of debt affliction is low based on external debt indicators. Bangladeshs external debt burden indicators do not breach the germane(predicate) policy-dependent revelatory thresholds chthonic the baseline scenario and exhibit only a marginal breach downstairs the stress tests. Debt burden indicators are significantly worse when domestic debt is included. Accordingly, this analysis reveals a to a greater extent elevated risk of debt damage on public debt compared to results based simply on external debt. Staffs will supervise closely the evolution of domestic debt and the governments ability to mobilize domestic resources. Majumder (2007) investigated the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment in the Bangladesh context. An investment function with three independent variables, namely, public borrowing, GDP and i nterest rate has been estimated by analyzing the unit root test, co-integration test and the mistake correction model.The main findings of the study do not corroborate the crowding-out meditation in Bangladesh, rather, provide the evidence of crowding-in effect. Gunter & Rahman (2008) used the debt acoustic protrusion module, to project the evolution of Bangladeshs public debt over a 15- division horizon (from financial year 2006 to financial year 2021) under three different macroeconomic scenarios and both different financing scenarios of an ambitious government-led investment strategy. The results of the debt scenario implied that increases in the debt levels for most of the projection period with levels high enough to have negative implications on investment and growth, the grant scenario implies a clearly limited increase in debt levels, with reduced debt levels at the end of the projection period similar to those under the baseline scenario. From the brief review in can b e found that public debt burden hasa negative impact on the economic growth of a country, its impact on investment and other economic indicator varies depending on a countrys extent of indebtness.Situation of Public Debt Burden in BangladeshPublic debt is of devil types- i) external debt and ii) domestic debt. The amounts of domestic debt are estimated by the Ministry of Finance of Bangladesh government.Figure 1 Budget Deficit, External Loan, Domestic Loan, and terminal Loan from Banking and Non-banking Sector of Bangladesh from1993-2012 (amounts in 00 crore taka) cite Bangladesh Economic Review 2005-06 and 2011-12From the above chart it can be found that the budget deficit of Bangladesh government is increasing from year to year and it is showing a cunning increment in deficit from the fiscal year 2008-09 onwards. The domestic debt burden and govt.s reliance on cite from banking channel are showing a tart increase from the fiscal year 2009-10 onwards. However the dependence on external credit is showing a declining trend. Research objective and SampleThe objective of this research is to give away the empirical relationship between public debt burden and economic growth of Bangladesh. For this purpose time series econometric tools have been used. Various variables that indicate debt burden disceptation and growth condition have been taken in to consideration. The sample period of the study is 32 years, from 1980-81 to 2011-12. info used in this study has been collected from secondary source. data and Methodology* Nature of the Variables In this study variables used are- Debt Burden (DB), where DB is stands for Debt Burden that is sum of Domestic Debt and foreign debt bang-up at the end of each period, calculate as percentage of GDP piggish Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate manufacturing production growth rate (Manf) perfect investment as percentage of GDP (Inv) and totalexport as percentage of GDP (Exp). * Data Collection Data series of these variables is collected from Bangladesh Economic scan/ Review (various issues), Monthly Economic Trends (various issues) and statistical Year Book of Bangladesh (various issues). * Method of theme At first the stationary situation of the univariate time series data has been examined. increase Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test has been used to test the unit roots of the concerned time series variables (Dickey and Fuller, 1979). The extended maintained regression used in the ADF test can be expressed in its most universal form as (1)Where, is the drift term, denotes the time trend, and is the largest lag length used. In this model, H0 =There is unit-root & H1 = There is no unit-root. Then, the time series has been examined for co-integration. Co-integration analysis helps to identify long-run economic relationship between ii variables. Granger and Newbold (1974) noted that, co-integration analysis is important because if two non-stationary variables are integrated, a Vector Autoregression (VAR) is misspesified collectable to the impact of a universal trend. If co-integration can be identified between the variables whence the model should include the residuals from the vectors (lagged one period) in the dynamic Vector Error Correcting weapon (VECM) system. If the variables are not co-integrated then Vector Autoregression (VAR) model is used. (2)The bivariate vector autoregressive model has two dependent variables y1,t and y2,t, where t = 1, , T. The study of the series should be explained by the common past of these variables. That means, the explanatory variables in the simplest model are y1,t-1 and y2,t-1. The VAR (1) with lagged values for all(prenominal) variable is determined by (3)y1,t= 11y1,t-1+12y2,t-1+1,ty2,t=21y1,t-1+22y2,t-1+2,1In this model the assumptions about error foothold are-* The expected residuals are zero,Ei,t=0 with i=1, 2* The error damage are not auto-correlatedEi,t.j,=0 with tHowever, VAR-Models themselves do not leave us to make stat ements about causal relationships. This holds especially when VAR-Models are only some adjusted to an un cognize time series process, while a causal interpretation requires an underlying economic model. However, VAR-Models allow interpretations about the dynamic relationship between the indicated variables. (4)The Johansen go on can be used to enthral out Granger causality test as well. Granger (1969) developed a test approach to proof if a time series X contributes to the prophecy of another series Y. Granger Causality is exists if the mean squared forecast error (MSE) by using the series X in the forecast model is smaller than without consideration of X MSEYYt+hIt23..k and r0 ranges from zero to k-1 depending upon the stage in the sequence. This is relevant test statistics for the null hypothesis r r0 against the resource r r0 + 1. The second test statistic is the maximum Eigen value test known as max(r0). This is closely related to the touch modality statistic, but arise s from changing the alternative hypothesis from r r0 + 1 to r = r0 + 1. The thought process is to improve the power of the test by limiting the alternative to a co-integration run which is just by one more than the null hypothesis. The max test statistic is max(r0) = -T in (1- i) for i = r0 + 1The null hypothesis is that there are r cointegrating vectors, against the alternative of r + 1 cointegrating vectors. Johansen and Juslius (1990) indicated that the trace test might lack power congress to the maximum Eigen value test. Based on the power of the test, the maximum Eigen value test statistic is often preferred. Estimation and ExplanationTo examine the impacts of public debt burden on the economic growth of Bangladesh for the time period of 1980-81 to 2011-12, the research results and their explanations are presented in this section.