What Are The Circumstances Of The Chinese Occupation Of Tibet? :: essays research papers fc

The only way to settle questions of an ideological nature of disputed issues among the people is by the democratic method, the method of discussion, or criticism, of persuasion and education and not by the method of coercion or repression. This statement was made by Mao Tse Tung, the Communist leader of China, in February of 1957. Seven years earlier, Chinese forces had invaded and begun the destruction of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism.The Plateau of Tibet comprises nearly the entire southeastern portion of China. stick between the Kunlun and Himalayan Mountain Ranges it is a beautiful plateau with breathtaking views all around it. The territory itself promotes a feeling of peace, meditation, and spirituality. The plateau is also the bug of five of Asias greatest rivers, making it vital to the environment.Centuries ago, a very unique religion, Tibetan Buddhism, grew from the settlers of this region. This religion was based on soul-searching and meditation and exceedingly discourage d war, violence, and any forms of negativity in thought, word, or action. The religion thrived in the region and soon became the political force of the nation of Tibet. The religion was the state thus there was no military until the early 20th Century, but then there was just a small, fairly ineffective army. This made the area extremely vulnerable to any who wanted it.China, in 1949, became the communist Peoples Republic of China. In less than one year, military forces marched into the peaceful territory of Tibet claiming that it belonged to China. This was the generator of over 50 years of the needless slaughter and destruction of a people and religion that posed no threat to the people of China or its government. Since that time, over 1.2 million Tibetans have been killed, 6,000 monasteries have been destroyed, and thousands of Tibetans have been imprisoned. Nine years after the invasion by China the Dalai Lama, Tibets spiritual and political leader, fled the arena in an atte mpt to save his life. He went to Dharmsala, India, a small town that lies approximately 150 miles to the East of the Tibet-India border. It is in this town that the Dalai Lama, along with over 100,000 Tibetan refugees, has set up the Tibetan government in exile. Here they continue their non-violent protest of the atrocious acts of violence committed against the followers of Buddhism that have remained in Tibet or China. The forced

Melvilles Trimurti Essay -- Moby Dick Herman Melville Literature Essa

Melvilles Trimurti Throughout Moby Dick, Herman Melville offers his lecturer a mlange of foreign curiosities and exotic points of interest that add both depth and texture to the narrative. The abundance of much(prenominal) exotica, however, can prove overwhelming, and many of the novels briefly noted yet remarkably important cultural signposts get lost in the mix. Often overlooked, Melvilles use of Hindi imagery not only lends a sense of mysticism to the novel, but also helps to define the dynamic that operates between shipwreck survivor, Ahab, and Moby Dick. Understanding this dynamic offers insight into Melvilles efforts at defining the novel as an art form as substantially as his attempts at casting the roles of author, reader, and novel in relationship to each other.i The readers mental hospital into Hindu culture begins sublimely, and in the most Christian of settings, in a chapel. Deeply moved by the cold, stone tablets commemorating those who have died at sea, shipwreck survivor goes on to invoke the foreign religion Oh ye whose dead lie buried beneath the green grass who standing among flowers can say--here, here lies my beloved ye inhabit not the desolation that broods in bosoms like these. What bitter blanks in those black-bordered marbles which cover no ashes What despair in those immovable inscriptions What deadly voids and unbidden infidelities in the lines that seem to gnaw upon all Faith, and refuse resurrections to the beings who have placelessly perished without a grave. As well might those tablets stand in the cave of Elephanta as here. (64) As well might those tablets stand in the cave? As well might we Here, the power of the written word is such that Ishmael can transport the reader from the domestic tranquillity ... ...al Sources for the Study of Hinduism. New Jersey Barnes and Noble, 1988. Organ, Troy Wilson. The Hindu Quest for the Perfection of Man. Ohio Ohio UP, 1980. Sharma, Brijendra Nath. Iconography of Sada siva. New Delhi Abhinav, 1976. Notes i Although H. Bruce Franklin argues against Melvilles use of Hindu mythology in Moby Dick, favoring rather Egyptian mythology, H.B. Kulkarni thoroughly answers each of Franklins objections, suggesting that Moby Dick has room enough not only for Hindu and Egyptian myths, but many more (Kulkarni 6). ii That is, Ishmael shapes the course of the drama as it exists on the page. To suggest that Ishmael shapes events as they occur on the ship would cast doubt on his veracity as a narrator. iii Indeed, Call me Ishmael invites the reader to engage in a fairly intimate relationship with the narrator.

Incest in Greek Mythology Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Incest in Greek Mythology Incest in Greek mythology was a common occurrence. Part of the reason is that the gods themselves set the example, and since everything that happened in community was the result of the passion of the gods, this, of course, gave the characters in the Greek plays the opportunity to also lust after their children and relatives. While the narration of Oedipus the King is the delineating play on the subject, Greek mythology is spacious of incestuous relationships. The gods who inspired the love and hate relationships among families include Hermes, who used his magical use of language to lure the feelings of his brother Apollo away from jealousy to love. Hermes reward was divination, and he became the god who protected travelers, symbolized by the crossroads-or the choices made. Sarah Harrell states that Hermes crossroads includes the crossroads to sexuality, typified by the love the brothers developed for one another. Although this love is most often viewed as familial and positive, Harrell invokes the retelling of Homers sing to Hermes in which the threats of domination can be viewed in terms of sexual innuendo (Harrell 309). In fact, Harrell compares the actions of Apollo and Hermes to those of Zeus and his brother Poseidon, the rulers-and progenitors-of the Earth. Therefore, these brotherly ties, based on the pleasant relationships between brothers, begin with Zeus and Poseidon, thus extending the same type of familiarity to all brothers of the world. As further proof of incest and Zeuss contribution to the image in Greek mythology is the story of Chiron, who was born of a union between Zeus and Ixion, the son of Ares (Sharman-Burke and Greene 33). Ares was the son of Zeus and Hera ... ... Penguin Books, 1975). Euripides. Three Great Plays of Euripides. Trans. By Rex Warner. (New York NY Mentor Book, The New American Library, 1958). Green, Janet M.. Sophocles Oedipus Rex. The Explicator, vol. 52 no. 1. (1993) Fall, p. 2-3. Harr ell, Sarah E. Apollos Fraternal Threats Language of succession and domination in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 32 no. 4. (1991) Winter, pp. 307(23). Luyster, Robert. Dionysos The masks of madness. Parabola, vol. 20 no. 4. (1995) Winter, pp. 43(6). Plato. Great Dialogues of Plato. Ed. by John Clive Graves Rouse. (New York NY The New American Library, Inc., 1956). Sharman-Burke, Juliet, and Greene, Liz. The Mythic. (New York NY Fireside Books, 1986). Watney, Simon. Aphrodite of the Future. Artforum, vol. 32 no. 8. (1994) April, pp. 75(3).

Justice :: essays research papers

JusticeShould the strong be required to support the weak? How does society "distribute"wealth among its members? These argon the questions. There are three basic sidesto this issue. The permissive system entitles individuals to a subsistenceincome supply for existing as a human. The puritan system requires that peopleat least be willing to contribute to society in order to receive a subsistenceincome. Finally, the Individual view holds the plaza rights of the individualto be sacred no virtuoso may forcibly deprive him of his goods. I will argue for thelast alternative.Individualism is an extension of Lockes idea of property rights. AnIndividualist believes each person declares his own life, the fruits of his labor,and his property. No one may deprive him of these property rights. He is free toact as long as his actions do non interfere with the property rights of others.At this point it is important to define what money is. Money is an exchange of observe. Money has value because it represent labor, or value, one has spend a pennyd butnot to that degree used. Money in my pocket is what I have created but not yet consumed.Money is not a natural resource it does not bring out on trees. Men can make moneyby their physical or mental labor. Do I not, then, have full claim to my recompense?If A discovers a cure for AIDS it surely was not solely a product of A.Societys framework made the discovery possible A had to ramp up on previousknowledge she had to use a laboratory she probably did not own. All of thesefactors make society a partner in the discovery. Therefore, she does not havethe right to all of the benefits of her discovery she must give up some of herbenefits to society at large.It is true that A did not personally create every piece of equipment she used tomake the discovery however, the point missed by in this situation is thatproperty is held by individuals, and A had to exchange value in the form ofmoney to buy or rent the equipment she u sed. The owners have already been paidfor the use of their equipment. Business agreements occur between individualsthere is no entity, "society," that handed her a gift. If A were to have to paymore to "society," then she would, in effect, be paying twice.If a permissivist responds with "but she will get cryptical selling the cure for ahigh price while thousands are dying," there are basically two responses.

Analysis of Centaur Abducting Woman with Fallen Lapith Man Essay

Perhaps the most interesting period in Greek sculpture is the Classical period. During this glorious period of unbelievable craftsmanship, numerous pieces celebrated the Greeks infatuation with parable and war. The sculpture, nicely titled Centaur Abducting Lapith Woman and locomote Lapith Man, is a wonderful symbol of the artistic period and image of war. Sculpted somewhere around 447-438 B.C., the sculpture was carved out of solid marble to declare a beautiful, and yet horrifying scene from a battle.This sculpture was most likely the artists attempt to capture the essence of some fable that had been passed down through the generations. Perhaps more likely, it could have been the artists own imagination that fathomed the macabre beauty of the rendered scene. The sculpture is done in heights relief, carved out of a solid block of marble. The lines and curves of the sculpture give each character within it great definition. It almost appears though, from the way in which the cent aur holds the woman, that he has no head. This adds to the already existing complexity of the sculpture. It is very similar to other sculptures of the Classical period in the way that it depicts a man at devastations doorstep, and a woman being abducted. It seems to be a reoccurring theme.The sculpture is done in a monochromatic brown hue. It depicts a valiant centaur with a Lapith woman slung over his shoulder. A Lapith...

Analysis of Centaur Abducting Woman with Fallen Lapith Man Essay

Perhaps the most interesting accomplishment in Greek sculpture is the Classical period. During this glorious period of unbelievable craftsmanship, numerous pieces celebrated the Greeks infatuation with fable and war. The sculpture, nicely titled Centaur Abducting Lapith Woman and Fallen Lapith Man, is a wonderful symbol of the artistic period and image of war. Sculpted somewhere around 447-438 B.C., the sculpture was carved out of solid marble to produce a beautiful, and yet horrifying scene from a battle.This sculpture was most likely the artists attempt to capture the essence of some fable that had been passed down through the generations. Perhaps more likely, it could have a bun in the oven been the artists own imagination that fathomed the macabre beauty of the rendered scene. The sculpture is done in high relief, carved out of a solid lay off of marble. The lines and curves of the sculpture give each character within it great definition. It almost appears though, from the wa y in which the centaur holds the woman, that he has no head. This adds to the already existing complexity of the sculpture. It is rattling similar to other sculptures of the Classical period in the way that it depicts a man at deaths doorstep, and a woman being abducted. It seems to be a reoccurring theme.The sculpture is done in a monochromatic brown hue. It depicts a valiant centaur with a Lapith woman slung over his shoulder. A Lapith...

Corporate Governance Is The System By Which Companies Are Directed And Controlled Accounting Essay

The first version of the UK grave on Corporate Governance was produced in 1992 by the Cadbury Committee. The authoritative definition of Corporate Governance in the scene of the CodeCorporate validation is the dust by which companies are directed and controlled. Boardss of jitneys are responsible for the administration of their companies. The stock temperers function in administration is to name the tutors and the hearers and to live up to themselves that an appropriate administration construction is in topographic point. The duties of the panel include puting the lodge s strategic purposes, supplying the leading to set them into consequence, oversing the direction of the tint and coverage to stockh overageders on their stewardship. The board s actions are capable to Torahs, ordinances and the stockholders in general meeting. The board of managers leads and controls a comp any(prenominal) and hence an effectual board is the primordial to the success of the company. The D epartment of Trade and Industry ( 2004 ) agreed that effectual boards are as more than vexed with public presentation as with conformity in run intoing the demands of company jurisprudence and using the rules and commissariats of the combine Code. However, the UK Corporate Governance Code ( 2008 ) concluded a similar standard as Combined Code ( 2004 ) on board strength.Firstly, there should be a formal, strict and crystalline process for the assignment of new managers to the board. Second, all managers should be able to ap packet equal work to the company to dispatch their duties efficaciously. Third, all managers should prevail foundation garment on fall ining the board and should regularly update and review their accomplishments and experience. The board should be supplied in a timely mode with information in a signifier and of a quality appropriate to enable it to dispatch its responsibilities. Fourthly, the board should set rough a formal and strict unrivaled-year rat ing of its ain public presentation and that of its commissions and single managers. Last, all managers should be submitted for re-election at regular intervals, capable to continue satisfactory performance. The UK Code on Corporate Governance ( 2010 ) likewise stated that the intent of corporal administration is to ease effectual, entrepreneurial and prudent direction that fanny present the long-run success of the company. Good Administration has ever association with success companies and would dish out companies pull investing capital. The apprehension of corporate administration that the croak of Cadbury Committee insisted The state s economic system depends on the thrust and efficiency of its companies. Therefore the potency with which boards discharge their duties determines Britain s competitory place. ( Cadbury, 1992 ) Furthermore, the Cadbury Committee show the freedom driven at bottom a model of effectual answerability, which is the kernel of any system of goodish corporate administration ( Cadbury, 1992 ) . There is an increasing realization the higher criterions of corporate administration are non merely unavoidable to guarantee answerability, save besides to positively better corporate public presentation ( Clarke, 2007 ) . more than sophisticated methodological analysiss are now being applied with more promising consequences, with an increasing organic structure of finance literature proposing companies with superior administration offer better comparative investing public presentation or lower investing hazard ( Clarke, 2007 ) .Clarke ( 2007 ) found that the board of managers is the fulcrum of corporate administration the faultfinding link in which the lucks of the company are decided. Stiles and Taylor indicated the same point of view in 2001 The board is the nexus between the stockholders of the steadfast to-day operations of the organisation .The effectivity of non-executive managersCorporate administration has become a heated- discussed subject in developed economic systems late as a consequence of widespread failures of the planetary pecuniary system ( Shleifer and Vishny, 1997 ) . There is small uncertainty about the primacy of this status as it is normally accepted that a lack of monitoring by independent, disinterested non-executive managers has been a major cause for the assorted corporate dirts that we have witnessed ( High degree Group of Company Law Experts, 2002 ) . Kakabadse et Al. ( 2010 ) sight that the struggle of involvement that occurs by holding a board dwelling about wholly of wrongr executive managers means that independent rating of company determinations is earnestly compromised . In the point of position, law largey, the foreigner non-executive managers, who are evaluate to dispatch the responsibilities of trueness, attention and good concern judgement, are any bit responsible for the direction of the corporation ( Lorsch and Maclver, 1989 ) . On the other manus, practically, Weimer and Pape ( 1999 ) suggest that the non-executive managers advise the inside executive managers on a major policy determinations while bearing the involvements of stockholders. In the facet of Agency theory, it assumes that the presence of independent non-executive managers on the company boards should assist to supervise direction on behalf of stockholders by presenting an independent voice in the council chamber ( Solomon, 2010 ) . It would cut down the ill-famed struggles of involvement between stockholders and direction. So, an independent board needed to be created both competent and free from prejudice. Harmonizing to Firth et Al s research findings in 2007, boards with a big proportion of non-executive managers are more possible to implement performance-related wage strategies. They conclude that the independent non-executive managers help to aline the involvements of stockholders and the CEO via the compensation of CEO.However, the non-executive managers have non esca ped unfavorable judgment during the planetary fiscal crisis. bourgeois ( 2009 ) observed that the quality of former non-executive managers in RBS has been questi integrityd as more of them had limited banking experience and could barely be regarded as independent, peculiarly when the bank had a rightfully powerful CEO doing it hard for the non-executive managers to stand up to him . In the recent research findings, Lawler and Finegold ( 2005 ) revealed that there are no momentant relationships between board effectivity and the pattern of holding a non-executive chair or that of holding an independent individual functioning as a leader. It indicates that a good functioning corporate administration system is more than merely seting a construction in topographic point. Although the jurisprudence puting the regulations of board responsibilities, it still have a big portion of the existent administration and control of corporations occurs that non written into Torahs. It would be ut ile to hold an equal apprehension of agent or direction motive and behavior within a corporate scene ( Marnet, 2007 ) .It is reported in the 6th International Conference on Corporate Governance and Board Leadership ( 2003 ) that on the groundwork of in-depth interviews with 60 board members of Belgian listed companies, the managers were asked to sum up what they believe are elements of a good board of managers. The quality of the board meetings and board composings are cardinal most important elements of a good board of managers. A good manager must fix the information good including the information and format before the meeting. Besides managers must demo involvement in what the company and its concern units are making. Furthermore, the quality of treatments or arguments is important for an effectual board meeting. Each manager should hold an chance to talk up freely and lend in the meeting. Berghe and Levrau ( 2005 ) verbalise that the board of managers must be scathing but t o continue a comfy and constructive clime during the board meeting. The cogitation besides emphasizes the determinations made by board of managers may non be dominated by direction or stockholders. It should be considered good and might imagine on the board agenda more than one time. On the other manus, the function of board of managers is, as one manager explained, We need to be able to see the present, whilst brinytaining an oculus on the hereafter . An effectual board of managers must hold the bravery to take hazards. Furthermore, supervising and control is a 2nd function of boards. They should purely supervise the development of the results, and confront these with the fiscal programs.Most of the recent codifications strengthen the independency of board. On the one manus, they adopt an addition in the proportion of independent managers on the board. On the other manus, they advocate a more extended and restrictive definition of independency. That is to state, most of concern s express a strong belief of independency that has potency to forestall future dirts. However, manager s independency is non plenty. In-depth analysis of the corporate dirts at Enron, WorldCom and others has revealed that the accident of struggles of involvement throughout the concatenation of monitoring was one of the cardinal issues in those prostrations. Not merely at board or corporate degree, but besides at the degree of the external proctors struggles of involvement seemed to hold flourished, taking to state of affairss wherein the personal involvements of the parties involved prevailed over corporate and societal involvements ( Van den Berghe and Baelden, 2003 ) . The dirts have demonstrated that good administration impart non come by composing codifications of best pattern and supervising the formal application of these recommendations. Some of these companies complied with all the necessary ordinances, but yet, it went incorrect. In fact, there are a batch of corporate a dministration advocators who province the sentiment that an independent manager should non merely happen himself formally in the right place, but needs besides something more than the features determined in the corporate administration codifications and recommendations ( Berghe and Baelden, 2005 ) .Director s TrainingThe Tyson Report on the Recruitment and maturement of non-executive Directors in 2003 provinces that as non-executive managers duties and liabilities addition, companies should put more in preparation. Companies that score high Markss on studies of good corporate administration normally devote considerable clip to exploitation their non-executive managers. The Combined Code ( 2008 ) considered the information and passe-partout development as an indispensable requirement for managers. The chief rule observed that all managers should have universe on fall ining the board and should regularly update and review their accomplishments and cognition . It is suggested in the Combined Code ( 2008 ) that the managers should continually update their accomplishments the cognition and acquaintance with the company required to carry through their function both on the board and on board commissions . On the other manus, the company should supply the necessary imagerys for underdeveloped and updating the manager s cognition and capablenesss. In the Code Provisions, it is suggested that the president should supply the new managers a full formal and tailored initiation when they tie the board. The company still needs to offer an chance for major stockholders to run into the new non-executive manager.The Institute of Directors ( 2009 ) discovered that the effectivity of freshly appointed non-executive managers should be change by rapidly constructing their cognition of the organisation. The organisation should supply an initiation for those non-executive managers help them cognize where they can utilize the accomplishments and experience they have gaine d elsewhere for the benefit of the company. In the Review of the Role and Responsibilities of Non-Executive Directors, Derek Higgs ( 2003 ) recommends that a comprehensive, formal and trim initiation should ever be provided to new non-executive managers to guarantee an early part to the board. Basically, non-executive managers will already hold relevant accomplishments, cognition, experience and abilities. However, widening and reviewing their cognition and accomplishments will add to their credibleness and effectivity in the council chamber ( IoD, 2009 ) .The David Walker s 2nd report card with fiscal recommendation in December 2009 recognized the wideness of larning lesAsons from the prostration of the Bankss, while at the same clip admiting the deficiency of grounds presently available as to the overall effectivity of non-executive managers on boards. The study is much made of the demand for behavioral alteration with an accent on the civilization within the council chamber and the importance of constructive challenge of the manageAment. One of the of import proposals concerned with the initiation, preparation and the development of non-executive managers. However, the function of a manager peculiarly that independent non-executive manager is fundamenAtally distinct to that of a senior operational director from whose ranks most non-executives are recruited. The function requires a holistic position of the organisation, non merely one specific functional country. Edward Walker-Arnott ( 2010 ) observed non-executives require an expressed grasp of their typical function as administration histrions, including their responsibility to rigorously challenge and measure the competency of the executive squad on behalf of stockholders . This position may non come of course to many managers as they make the passage from executive to non-executive functions.Walker-Arnott ( 2010 ) besides implied that independent non-executive managers as a distinguishable profession al grouping could benAefit from specifying themselves. The peculiar group of managers would integrate approApriate director-level preparation. It would besides advance values of independency, challenge, and public service amongst its practicians. It is possible to hold an external initiation procedure that non-execAutive managers were to the full acknowledged of their administration duties, including their legal responsibilities and the outlooks of stockholders and other stakeholders.For new reachings, the quality of the initiation procedure is critical. It needs to give managers an early feel for the concern and an apprehension of the issues they are seeming to be covering with whilst, in the interim, giving them an early chance to do a positive part and add value to the board ( DTI, 2004 ) . A high quality executive squad will non digest the managers for a long clip in footings of board kineticss therefore it is important for new non-executives to delight up the measure every b it rapidly as possible. ICI s attack gives us an illustration of the successful application on initiation procedure. beam of light Ellwood, Chairman of ICI, believes that a proper initiation procedure for new managers makes sound commercial awareness The Board is jointly responsible for the success of the Company. The relentless lean for universe category public presentation must get down within the Boardroom. To work optimally, non-executive managers need to truly understand non merely the concern but besides their personal and corporate duties. They have to hold a feel for the company, non merely turn up to meetings. We are looking for them to hold an apprehension of what drives the concern and how they personally can do an effectual part . In pattern, at ICI, the procedure of initiation is designed to suit for both single and the specific spreads in their cognition or experience. For illustration, the initiation arranges new managers to run into as many people in the company as they can, across the sections such HR, Finance every bit good as out in the field. They are advised to hold a travel to admit to the concern and will go on to make this throughout their clip on the board. The ICI thought it is of import for new managers whether they are maintaining up to rush. Each new manager has a formal initiation session led by the Company Secretary, augmented by the Assistant Secretary and person at a senior degree with a good trade of company experience, explicating the issues for ICI ( DTI, 2004 ) . The Sessionss chiefly covered such as Risk, Regulation and Practice, including fiducial responsibilities, responsibilities of attention and diligence, how the board is managed, what makes an effectual board, the Combined Code and other ordinances. untried managers become more effectual as subscribers more rapidly. The experience is valuable for new managers. Peter Ellwood is undoubted of the benefits to the concern It s bottom line common sense to give new ma nagers a thorough initiation. It s non rocket scientific discipline but good pattern, because it means that the people fall ining the board will be more effectual. He still emphasized the initiation will add new manager s value and do them effectual much more rapidly and use their endowment for benefit of the concern and its stockholders at the beginning. The Boardroom late carried out a study of taking institutional stockholders in order to inform the development of its personalized development create mentallys for managers and senior executives ( DTI, 2004 ) . The responses from the stockholders perspective highlight one of the importance is that an effectual initiation procedure with strong conduct for doing initiation preparation compulsory for new managers.Director s Skills and QualificationsBy and large talking, concern experience is of import for a non-executive manager. However, an effectual board is necessary formed by a assortment of backgrounds. The Higgs Report assume d that the interplay of varied and complementary positions amongst different members of the board can significantly profit board public presentation . Harmonizing to the premise, non-executive managers would be chosen by different genders, nationality, expertness and experience. The responses from research and audience indicate the grounds that there is a deficit of good people to take on non-executive functions. In some fortunes, the board seems to hold sufficient supply of endowment nevertheless the job is non being good dealt with. It has been suggested that campaigners for non-executive managers is narrow. It is clearly that the company is interested in enrolling the best people for this place. However, it is hard for board to separate the virtues of them without prejudice and subjective judgement. The Higgs research shows that Non-executive managers are typically white males approaching retirement age with old public limited company manager experience. There are less than 20 n on-executive managers on FTSE 100 boards under the age of 45. In the telephone study for the Review, seven per cent of non-executive managers were non British, and one per cent was from black and cultural minority groups .The study still mentioned the proportion of genders in non-executive managers The really low figure of distaff non-executive managers is striking in comparing with other professions and with the population of directors in UK companies overall. The labour force study investigates that across the corporate sector as a whole, nigh 30 per cent of directors overall are female. Merely six per cent of non-executive stations are held by big(a) females, and there are merely 2 female presidents in the FTSE 350.However, the diverseness and mix of experience and gender would beneficial for the board in playing an consultative function in determination fashioning and puting scheme program. With the similar backgrounds non-executive frequently tend to believe in a similar but narrow facet. In add-on, it is reported that in some countries great(p) females managers tend to be more strongly represented in functions such as human resources, alteration direction and client attention which are non regarded as traditional paths to the board.The enlisting or replacing of the non-executive managers is non merely sing the basic accomplishments and making of single but besides the diverseness and mix background to do board effectivity.On other manus, as the Higgs Review observed, Currently, few executive managers or talented persons merely below board degree sit as non-executive managers in other companies. Of more than 5,000 executive managers in UK listed companies, presently 282 hold a non-executive manager station in a UK listed company. There are many benefits of making so. The company that employs the person on a full-time footing will profit from the single gaining a broader position and developing accomplishments and attributes relevant to any future f unction as a manager. Conversely, the board of the company having the single benefits from executive experience elsewhere. This encourages the sharing and airing of best pattern. ( Higgs, 2003 )In the Tyson Report ( 2003 ) , it is said that main executives of big companies appointed qualified directors to actively nurture non-executive managers endowment from their marzipan direction ranks to function on their divisional, regional or subordinate boards. The study besides states that head executives besides are willing to promote such persons to accept non-executive managers places on the boards of non-competitor companies. However, as the duties and liabilities required on non-executive managers addition, the commitment clip of non-executive managers places augments. Therefore, the main executives are hence likely to go more loath to let their most promising directors to presume them ( Tyson, 2003 ) .In the yesteryear, the directors endowment has non been traditional beginnin g of non-executive manager campaigners, whilst the companies on a regular basis claim that people are their valuable plus. It is besides agreed by Higgs ( 2003 ) that the issues dealt with in such countries are of import 1s for the board and that direction roles in such countries encourage accomplishments and property that is extremely relevant to the council chamber. It is reported that merely 20 of the FTSE 250 presently have the human resource map on the board. Afterwards, when the Higgs Review was published, Geoff Armstrong, Director General of the Chartered Institute for Personnel & A Development ( CIPD ) said There is a huge pussycat of endowment within the human resource profession. Such persons would convey a new dimension to the non-executive function and guarantee that an organisation s cardinal number one wood of value viz. its people is taken earnestly at board degree. They would convey a fresh and much-needed position to the decision-making procedure. The CIPD bel ieves that human resources professionals could besides convey critical expertness to the wage commission.The Armstrong Institutes observed that Pay and wages is their stock-in-trade it would do a batch of sense. Equally, choice, initiation, preparation and public presentation direction are countries of expertness which could be applied with value to both executive and non-executive managers . The Tyson study ( 2003 ) discovered that lawyers and advisers working in consultative functions to concern are another beginning of non-executive manager s endowments as are those who have retired from accounting houses and are no longer restricted from keeping non-executive managers places . It should be encouraged by professional service houses to exit their senior people accept non-executive assignments. The probe indicates that presently merely 14 per centum of FTSE 100 non-executive managers have accountancy makings and less than three per centum have jurisprudence makings. Furthermore , since adult females are better represented in professional services than in top direction places in the corporate sector, an addition in non-executive managers assignments from such houses is likely to intend an addition in adult females functioning in non-executive managers places. In a word, the accomplishments and experience of non-executive managers is a valuable plus on companies, which could non merely go more effectiveness through preparation and initiation but besides take a professional consultative function in another companies.DrumheadThe thesis is what makes board effectual. After the dirts at Enron Corp. , Tyco International Ltd, Adelphia Communications Corp. , and WorldCom Inc. before this decennary ( Solomon, 2007 ) , there is a turning involvement in the corporate administration systems of developing and transitional economic systems. The Combined Code ( 2008 ) emphasized that all managers should have initiation on fall ining the board and should regularly update and review their accomplishments and cognition which represent one of most important parts of the board effectivity. However, many surveies focus on non-executive managers independency and pay strategies but non on the initiation programme and accomplishments and making update. Although much of the literature ignores the being of manager initiation programme there is grounds to propose corporate should take more attending on it. In the Higgs study about reappraisal of the function and effectivity of non-executive managers ( 2003 ) , there is an initiation checklist which provides a counsel of initiation. As a standard, the research will look into the initiation programme presenting in the corporate administration of the one-year study. Therefore, the thesis will bridge the spread in the literature by following the Combined Code and other study to analyze whether each company have an eligible initiation programme harmonizing to the standards and been disclosed suitably in the one- year study.

Political and Socioeconomic Essay

The communication gap amongst First and Third serviceman feminist, as explicit by Narayan lies within a cultural setting though air jacketern feminist movement is still an upholding to the rights of women, Third world feminism speaks towards a cultures specific issues, as Narayan writes, I am arguing that Third-World feminism is not a mindless mimicking of Western agendas in unmatchable clear and simple instinct that, for instance, Indian feminism is clearly a response to issues specifically confronting many Indian women (13).Thus, feminism is explicit to country and cultural beliefs, not hinging upon a predetermined, or in this case Western view. There be many community, mostly women, who have been fighting for their equal rights and we now commonly call this as feminism. feminist movement started not merely on nineteenth century, exclusively charge during the 17th to 18th century. This is the truly reason why feminists have gotten so much fear from well respected or ganization and government officials. With this idea in mind, many be now asking, who argon the women who started the feminist movements and what prompted them to initiate such action?By digging deeper to what the real meaning of feminism is, it can also be identified the first few women who fought and strived really hard just to show the world that feminism is indeed worth fighting for. These women have their own issues that they highlighted and it all boils down to the fact that females are not just a decoration for males, instead, they are people who can be effective even in dealing with other important aspects of he society like the government. Feminists ideas started during the time of the infamous Enlightenment, with gentlecleaning lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet who initiated championing womens education.The first scientific society for women was founded in Middleberg, a city in the south of the Dutch republic, in 1785. Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well. Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is one of the first works that can be called feminist, although by modern standards her comparison of women to the nobility, the elite of society, coddled, fragile, and in danger of intellectual and moral sloth, does not sound like a feminist argument.Wollstonecraft believed that both sexes contributed to this office staff and took it for granted that women had considerable power over men. Indeed, it was during the late 17th century to the early 18th century that the earliest works on the so-called woman question criticized the restrictive role of women, without necessarily claiming that women were disadvantaged or that men were to blame (Deckard, 1975). When 18th century came, the movement is generally believed to have begun as people increasingly came to believe that women were treated unfairly under the law.The feminist movement is rooted in the West and especially in the reform movement of the 19th century. The organized movement is dated from the first womens rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 (Deckard, 1975). This feminism started not on one place or country, but coincidentally, a lot of women from various countries around the world fought for their rights as and equal and rightful members of the society. Emmeline Pankhurst was one of the founders of the suffragette movement and aimed to reveal the institutional sexism in British society, forming the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU).Often the repeated jailing for forms of activism that broke the law, eccentricicularly property destruction, inspired members went on hunger strikes. Due to the resultant force-feeding that was the practice, these members became very ill, serving to draw attention to the brutality of the legal system at that time. In an attempt to solve this the government introduced a bill that became known as the Cat and Mouse Act, which a llowed women to be released when they starved themselves to dangerous levels, then to be re-arrested later. (Deckard, 1975).Meanwhile, the Feminist movement in the Arab world saw Egyptian jurist Qasim Amin, the designer of the 1899 pioneering book Womens Liberation, as the father of Arab Feminist Movement. In his work Amin criticized some of the practices prevalent in his society at the time, such as polygamy, the veil, or womens segregation, and condemned them as un-Islamic, and contradicting the current spirit of Islam. His work had an enormous influence on womens political movements throughout the Islamic and Arab world, and is read and cited today (Deckard, 1975). mingled women were able to raise their voices during that time. They were able to capture the attention of many and hear out their grievances. Let us take a closer look at each of the famous and most authoritative women during this Abolition Movement, and create a more prominent appreciation on their ways and method s of fighting for their cause. Among the most influential women whose actions were all aimed at highlighting the feminist rights, the Grimke sisters (Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke Weld) topped the list.Motivated by religion and a desire to live a useful life, they were among the first American women to speak in public. They wrote a number of tracts against slavery and for womans rights. To abolitionist acclamations, Angelina became the first American woman to address a state legislature. some(prenominal) sisters would remain abolitionists and womans rights activists for the remainder of their lives with Angelina concentrating on the abolitionist movement and Sarah concentrating on the womans rights movement (Lerner, 1998).Sarah Grimke offered the best and most coherent volume argument for womans equality yet written by a woman. She was also able to identify and characterize the distinction between sex and gender she took class and race into consideration and she tied the subord ination of women both to educational deprivation and sexual oppression. She identified men, individually and as a group, as having benefited from the subordination of women.Above all, she understood that women must acquire feminist consciousness by conscious effort and that they must practice asserting their rights in orderliness to think more appropriately (Lerner, 1998). Angelina, on the other hand, in several of her pamphlets and speeches, developed a strong argument for womens rights to political equality. In her instancy on womens right, even duty, to organize for political participation and to petition, she anticipated the practice and tactics women would follow for the rest of the century.In both her Appeal to southern Women and in her Letters to Catherine Beecher she fashioned a defense of womens right to organize in the antislavery cause which connected it with the causes of white women and influenced the practice of several deliver the goods generations (Lerner, 1998). It is therefore in culture that the main difference between First-World and Third-World feminism lays. The treatment of women in India is one filled with hypocrisy.In Narayans essay, the India chastises Western refining for their treatment of women for instance, Indian women were permitted to attend higher education classes decades before the English even considered the aspect. Indians say that they treat their women as goddesses, while the West treats their women far less as equals, but this in turn is duplicitous, in examples Narayan gives of the treatment from men received by her granny knots, and her mother (chastisement, beatings, and submissiveness, and silence).Narayan gives childhood examples of how she became a feminist, and they are not dominantly rooted in the idea of Westernization, but culturally in a Third-World view, as she writes, though I cannot bring myself to it, of her pain that surrounded me when I was young, a pain that was earlier than school and Westerniz ation, a call to rebellion that has a different and more primary root, that was not conceptual or English, but in the mother-tongue (7).This then gives insight into how feminism isnt dependent upon the introduction of Western culture in liberating women, but is in fact contingent upon a witnesss own account of oppression and their reaction to that oppression, that is that Narayans own rebellion was a response to her mothers sadness in being trapped by her mother-in-law and her marriage.This exemplifies the difference between First-World and Third-World feminism, the fact that Narayan must contend with the paradigm of Western feminism instead of simply revered as representing her own cultures fault Narayan is not representing Western ideas but is only supporting equality and fair treatment for her fellow Indian women. In the Indian culture, women are perceived to become wives first and their own identity as a person is wiped away by such a paradigm, this is true for the incentive of womens movements, the West included.Indian wives are submissive and the Third-World culture enhances this notion by parlaying women into marriage at the age of thirteen (as Narayans grandmother had done), and treating them as Other rather than as Self. Narayan writes of the predominant sentiment found in India in regards to women, They were anxious about the fact that our independence and self-assertiveness seemed to be making us into women who lacked the compliance, deference, and submissiveness deemed essential in good Indian wives (8).The wife and mother ideas of women are predominant in most cultures, and the concord factor between First and Third world feminism is united in this fact, and their rebellion against such submissiveness. The culture of feminism is presented as one that has great bonds with politics. For both First-World and Third-World feminism there is no difference in the root of feminism when it is in politics, and political campaigns that women are often seclude d in schooling, voting, and citizenship, women have been treated secondarily in both First and Third world cultures.Therefore, Narayans generation of Third-world feminist arent rebelling because of Westernization, but because in their own politics women have been disregarded in India and in the West, It takes political connections to other women and their experiences, political analyses of womens problems, and attempts to construct political solutions for them, to make women into feminists in any full-blooded sense, as the history of womens movements in various parts of the world shows us. Therefore, the dichotomy of First-World and Third-World feminism finds harmony in this political connection.The westernization of Indian has been blamed for the rebellious nature of feminism and even the introduction of the womens movement, but in fact, it is the own cultures deviant nature that gives rise to the necessity of feminism. Narayan gives example of her cousin being tortured with cig arettes and being locked away while in another country and keeping silent about it for years until a relative came to visit. The silence is the devastating part of the story in Indian culture, it is supposed and indeed ingrained in Indian women to hold their tongues, and be submissive, and not innocent, but obedient.Yet, western culture was seen to dawn the Indian conventional way of living, Veiling, polygamy, child-marriage, and sati were all significant points of conflict and negotiation between colonizing Western culture and different colonized third-World cultures. In these conflicts, Western compound powers often depicted indigenous practices as symptoms of the backwardness and barbarity of Third-World cultures in contract to the progressiveness of Western culture. The figure of the colonized woman became a image of the oppressiveness of the entire cultural tradition of the colony. (17) The effect of this colonization of Indian women was one of conflicting progressiveness. Traditions of Indian culture were already bred with English sentiments (such as the sari) and English clothing was continually being upgraded and introduced into Indian culture in fact men were wearing suits long before women were allowed to change into less traditional clothing.In one example Narayan gives, she and her family went on a vacation in a more rural part of the country and she was instructed to wear her Indian clothing and not her Western clothes because she had hit puberty (though in the city nothing was wrong with such clothes), Narayan writes, My story reveals that what counted as inappropriately Western dress differed from one specific Indian context to another, even within the same class and caste community(27).The effects of Westernization therefore and colonization give rise to differing ideas of what constitutes traditional wear from one part of the country to another. In conclusion, Narayan gives insight to how differing opinions of feminism are still spurned fr om similar ideals. Third-World feminists are not outsiders within, that is, they are not denying the tradition of their country, but instead, feminists need to challenge some of the more patriarchal rules of India. Third-World feminists are not denying their culture, but are asking for change. Work CitedAhmed, Sara (2004). The ethnic Politics of Emotion. Routledge Publishing Boydston, Kelley, Margolis, The Limits of Sisterhood, p. 178. Deckard, Barbara. 1975. The Womens Movement Political, Socioeconomic and Psychological Issues New York Harper & Row. p. 253. Gerda Lerner. 1988. The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina Pioneers for Womens Rights and Abolition. Oxford University Press. Narayan, Uma. Speech and Silence in the buzz off Tongue. Yee. Shirley J. Abolitionist Movement. February 2002. Sunshine for women.

Huckelberry Finn – Chapter 1 Commentary

There were things he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. Straight away couple shows us the irony and hypocrisy of American fellowship through the eyes of the young and innocent Huck. For Twains story to come out as he has intended the voice of the narrator is a crucial part. Twain has deliberately chosen a 13-year-old boy as the first person narrator to give the reader a greater sense of belief and curse which Huck quickly gains through his innocence. A young boy such as Huck would be less influenced by the world around him and, therefore, he will be telling the story straight from the heart and what he truly believes in. His vision isnt clouded by the sivilised association, which Twain perhaps purposely uses to hold still for the way in which American society attempts to place people into a certain stereotype.The language Twain has used is very simple which reflects Huck himself. The grammatic exclusivelyy incorrect English. This seems to give Huck more appeal as it furthe r demonstrates his innocence and h nonpareilsty. Further more, Twain provides us with two contrasting characters in the leave Douglas and Miss Watson in both their personalities and language they use. Their main partake is to behave in the manner that is considered by the society to be sivilised. This gives the reader the impression that they atomic number 18 fake and not true to themselves but rather more worried about what others will think of them.From the beginning it is clear that Huck believes to be confine by what he believes to be a confined society. When he is away from this Huck feels free and satisfied but now that the widow and Miss Watson have interpreted to Civilizing Huck, his new clothes symbolise the way in which he is feeling on the inside. Huck feels all cramped up and tiresome and unfrequented. He feels so lonesome that he wishes he was dead. All Huck wants is to go somewhere and he warnt particular. He is so desperate to get away from the society that is con stricting him that Huck wishes he was at the bad place. Twain perhaps uses Miss Watsons criticism of Tom Sawyer going to the good place not by a considerable light as a way to emphasize Hucks fear of being lonely. Huck is very glad at this thought because he wants Tom and him to be together.Perhaps one of Twains greatest concerns about Americas society is its evident hypocrisy. This is greatly exemplified by the widows ban on smoking because it was a mean practice and wasnt clean while she herself took snuff too. As she has authority others are willing to ignore her faults and of course that was all right, because she done it herself, whereas Huck is compelled to follow the rules, only because he has not yet been sivilised. This passage alike seems to explore the idea of criticizing others in order raise themselves. By condemning Huck for smoking, the widow is making herself feel better knowing that she has the authority and that it is all right for her to smoke. Twain uses the ide a of Miss Watson using the spelling book perhaps to symbolise the way in which Huck sees this sivilised society- I couldnt stood it much longer.The societys concern with being respectable is emphasised by the irony that Huck is only allowed to join Toms band of robbers if he goes back to the widow and becomes respectable. A possible hint of this is that no one would suspect a respectable person. The society would straight away try and accuse the unsivilised rather then point the blame on somebody of a respectable status. Therefore, in order for Huck to join the band of robbers he must establish himself as a respectable member of the society so as the blame wont be pointed at him.Throughout the chapter the tone changes but particularly towards the end there is a darkness which is mainly created by the use of sounds. I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die, all add to the lonely irrita bility that Huck is feeling at the time and his wish that he had some company.Through Huck Twain is also able to express his views of racism in American society at the time. The use of the word nigger shows the acceptance of the term. Hucks observation that things go better when mixed up seems to refer to the racial segregation. Twain is perhaps portraying his view that society would be a better place if we all mix up and swap around.As the society in which Huck is being bought up in easy attempts to sivilise him, Hucks character and values seem to grow stronger. As he fights against the society that is attempting to take away his individualism, Huck is determined to stay true to himself and tell the truth, with as little stretches as possible.

Ford Motor Company Essay

StrengthsFord Motor order is a Multi international troupe with 90 plant and facilities selling fomites in 200 grocerys. It is the second biggest plant in the world, with approximately 345,000 employees The Ford Motor Company is the Fifth largest vehicle manufacturer in the world and the second in the U.S. with a total (Sales 2010) of 4,988,031 vehicles manufactured including Cars, land craft vehicles (LCV), Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV) and Heavy Buses. Ford Motor merges with Hertz Rent-A-Car, the worlds leading vehicle renting organization, ope grade from approximately 8,100 locations in 143 countries worldwide. Ford Motor Company is in ten place in 2011 Fortune calciferol list (Us), with Revenues of (Millions) 128,954.0 and Profits of (Millions) 6,561.0 and in the 2011 Global 500 list, Ford Motors in twenty fifth place. Ford is a Household name brand Has physical presence in each major continents Ford motor credit company helps finance, lease and sell insurance customers14, 400 international patents, copyrights and trademarks2nd highest market sh atomic number 18 in truck gross salesSponsor special-rate backing programs available only through Ford Credit Programs increase Ford Credits financing volume and share of financing sales of their vehiclesWeaknessesFord Motors doesnt have a fuel efficient stander pickup or railcargo van, compared to Chevrolet Silverado (Pickup) that gives 20mpg in city and 23mpg in highway and the Chevrolet evidence (Van) that gives a 15mpg in city and 20mpg in highway. Durable good- in rough economical times it is not necessary to replace If consumers continue to regard vehicles that are relatively large, have high consummation, and/or are feature-laden, while regulatory standards require the production of vehicles that are smaller and more economical, the mismatch of supply and demand would have a negativeeffect on profitability Market share has declined in many regions of the world over the last year. Overall market share in the United States, including PAG-brand vehicles, has declined in each of the past five years, from 20.5% in 2003 to 15.6% in 2007 Stock shares have declined, resulting with volume reductions have had an adverse bear upon on our results of operations Ford Motor warned its European operations may lose $500 million to $600 million this year.OpportunitiesInnovation technologies, Sync with My interbreeding look is a combine engineering, that help and assists drivers for a more comfortable drive experience. The Sync technology consist in integrating Bluetooth- enable cell phones and Mp3 players in to the car, providing hand free call and music selection capabilities using voice activate commands. My ford touch replaces many traditional buttons with clear, colorful and user companionable LCD screens. Block Exemption Regulation (Europe) Makes it easier for a dealer to display and sell multiple brands in one store (Ford, capital of Nebraska, Mercury) without the need to maint ain single out facilities Increasing presence in China, with more investment in manufacturing capacity, introduction of new products and expansion of distribution channel Opened a second crowd plant and new engine plant located in Nanjing, ChinaInitial capacity of the plant was approximately 160,000 units annually, boosting total annual passenger car production capacity in China to more than 410,000 vehiclesOperates a purchasing office in China to procure components for operations outside of ChinaThreats disdain in overall market share due toIncluding increased competitionIndustry shift away from traditionally stronger segments (e.g., traditional SUVs and full-size pickups)Reduced vehicle sales to daily rental companiesDecrease in commercial fleet sales reflected lower industry volume Japanese and Korean manufacturers are increase their production capacity in EuropeStrength Ford Motor Company is a Multi international Company with 90 plant and facilities selling vehicles in 200 ma rkets. It is the second biggest plant in the world, with approximately 345,000 employees. (http//www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/ford-diversity-commitment) , (http//media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=7670) The Ford Motor Company is the Fifth largest vehicle manufacturer in the world and the second in the U.S. with a total (Sales 2010) of 4,988,031 vehicles manufactured including Cars, land craft vehicles (LCV), Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV) and Heavy Buses. (Oica.net, 2011) (http//oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2010.pdf) Ford Motor diversity in Ford Credit is a subsidiary of The Ford Motor Company that finance vehicles to customer and dealers to support Ford Motor Company sales. They also provide financing on Lincoln vehicles, offering competitive rates, innovative products, flexible terms (http//www.fordcredit.com/companyInfo/profile.jhtml) Ford Motor merges with Hertz Rent-A-Car, the worlds leading vehicle renting organization, operates from approximately 8,10 0 locations in 143 countries worldwide. Ford Motor Company is in ten place in 2011 Fortune 500 list (Us), with Revenues of (Millions) 128,954.0 and Profits of (Millions) 6,561.0 (http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/full_list/index.html) and in the 2011 Global 500 list, Ford Motors in twenty fifth place. (http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html)Weakness Ford Explores rollover and firestone tires recalls controversy announced on August, 2000, approximately 14.4 million tires contain a protective defect. Harmed Ford brand image.(http//www.nhtsa.gov/PR/FirestoneRecall) Ford Motors doesnt have a fuel efficient stander pickup or cargo van, compared to Chevrolet Silverado (Pickup) that gives 20mpg in city and 23mpg in highway and the Chevrolet Express (Van) that gives a 15mpg in city and 20mpg in highway. (http//www.fuel scrimping.gov/feg/bestworstepatrucks.htm) Ford Motors only has seven subsidiaries, Lincoln, mercury, Mazda, Volvo, J aguar, Land Rover, Aston Martin.Opportunities Fuel efficient cars, Ford Motor Company is launching the most fuel-efficient cars in the market. The All-new 2012 Ford Focus leave be powered by a fuel-efficient 2.0-liter DOHC four-cylinder engine with twin independent variable camshaft time (Ti-VCT) and direct gasoline injection that will deliver up to a projected 40 mpg highway. The combinations of these technologies helps to lower gas emission but, still have sawhorse power. For a 4 cylinder 2.0 liter engines it is rated at 160 horse power and 146lbs of torque. (http//media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33438) Big donator to charity and victims of natural disasters. October 27, 2000 Ford Motor Company will donate $1.4 million to the San Diego Environmental Foundation (SDEF) for the preservation, protection and enhancement of the San Eliot Lagoon Ecological Reserve, which is one of San Diegos and Southern Californias most cherished and unique natural resources. (http// media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=6425) Innovation technologies, Sync with My ford touch is a combine technology, that help and assists drivers for a more comfortable drive experience. The Sync technology consist in integrating Bluetooth- enable cell phones and Mp3 players in to the car, providing hand free call and music selection capabilities using voice activate commands. My ford touch replaces many traditional buttons with clear, colorful and user friendly LCD screens. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Driving Technology, Blind Spot Information organization (BLIS) gives out three warnings when a vehicle not visible or enters ones blinds spot. The signals consists in a Yellow light appears in the corresponding side view mirror, an audio alert and a message warning displayed.(http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Rear view camera and Forward Sensing System, helps drives to see on screen when parking in reverse. The Forward Sensing System helps to determine how close are the objects form the vehicle. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPAS). This technology consists in adapting to the road conditions and help drivers to compensate directional shifts caused by laurelled roads surface or steady crosswinds. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Active Park Assistants uses ultrasonic based sensing remains and EPAS for parallel parking. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Rain-Sensing Wipes has a optical sensor that motorcar adjust to the climate conditions. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Power train and convenience Adaptive cruise control allows the vehicle to set and mating speed without using the pedals. It also has a radar- based system thats can monitor the vehicle in front up to 600 feet. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Easy fuel or cap less system helps drives when f illing the car with gasoline a hassle-free, odor free, and have a more consistent seal compared to traditional manual cap.( http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Eco-Boost gains of up to 20 part and reduction of CO2 emissions by as much as 15 percent compared with larger, less efficient engines. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf) Dual-clutch Power Shift six-speed transmission combines the responsive performance and fuel economy of a manual gearbox with the convenience of a traditional automatic transmission. (http//media.ford.com/images/10031/Drive_Smart_HR.pdf)Threats Government regulations. Do to the pollution and the Global warming caused by the Co2, car manufactures are trying to develop fuel efficient cars. In Jul 29,2011 Major car developers and manufactures joined PresidentObama to discusses the further in fuel economy and proposed a new Fuel-efficiency standers. Todays stander is 27.3mpg by 2025 the stander should be at 54.5 mpg. Its es timated that this new stander will save a average of $8,000 on fuel placard per vehicle, and will reduce U.S. oil consumption by 2.2 billion barrels per day. (http//news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/07/government-raises-fuel-economy-standards-to-545-mpg-by-2025.html) Change of oil price, is one of the most volatile components oil, is very heretical as it prices increases and decreases. Consumer are more aware that fuel efficient vehicle can guarantee more performance for their money.In 26-07-2011 oil crude open at $99.0 an close$99.6 (http//www.livecharts.co.uk/futures_commodities/oil_prices_historical.php) Increase of raw materials. This effects the manufacturing of the automobile if the steel components raises then the car will have to be a lot more expensive. harmonise to the World Carbon Steel Transaction Prices in Mar,2011 medium steel sections were $719/Ton in April,2011 it was 926/Ton. (http//www.steelonthenet.com/price_info.html) Recession is another factor that Ford M otor Company has to battle. As the economy declines in activity, more people are not investing or spending their incomes in new vehicles. It is estimate that the US unemployment rates is at 13.9 million persons a (9.1 percent) http//www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm)

Leadership in the African American Community Essay

Since striverry, African Americans lose gone through a lot to r from each one their current state. In the early 20th century, African Americans faced discrimination, isolation, and were segregated according to their skin color. It started when Europeans brought the first Africans to America, and move through come on the Civil War. The American government made some changes in policies. A variety show of leaders shaped the successful struggle to contendd black affectity in America (Bowles, 2011). Ever since slavery begun, African Americans call for been determined to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation.Activists much(prenominal) as, Martin Luther major power jr. and Malcolm X, and others, joined together to put an end to segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain civil rights and equality. Slavery had changed dramatically in the late 1600s. About this clip the slave trade to American colonies also began increasing to meet the demand for cheap labor. Trad ers sold slaves to the Northern colonies, notwithstanding English and other European immigrants contented the demand for labor there (Echerd, 2009). Slaves in America came from western and central Africa.African tribes sometimes enslaved those defeated in intertribal wars and sold their captives to European slave traders. The tribes raided villages to obtain slaves to trade for European goods. Slave traders had even offered the Africans guns and other goods for the slaves. Slaves lived a rough, hard life. Cheap labor was a huge part of their lives. They had to work from break of day to sunset. The work consisted of clearing land, tended to fields of tobacco, rice, and vegetables. They also performed m whatever other tasks that had helped take aim plantations al about completely self-sufficient.No slaves saw any money for their tasks that they had performed, but they did have got food, clothing, and shelter. The slaves had resided in small one-room huts, which had no windows and the floors were all dirt. Most slaves accepted their living condition, however, they knew no other way of life (Koehler, 2009). However, white Southerners regained control of state governments in the South during the late 1870s, however, and reversed or so of the previous gains made by former slaves. For example segregation. What is segregation?According to Websters Dictionary, to segregate is defined as to separate or set apart from others isolate or to require, often with force, the separation of a specific racial, religious, or other group from the body of society. requisition has been a part of our American heritage, almost from the moment slaves arrived on the shores of the New World (Bowles, 2011). In 17th century Virginia, the theocratic government feared that racial motley surrounded by freed and enslaved blacks and white indentured servants would become a meat to usurp government power.They passed laws in which the color line was clearly defined in any criminal punishm ents. By treating whites and blacks separately and unequally, these Virginian leaders set up a system of white supremacy that would become an essential component of American slavery. interval and segregation was the order of the day, with African Americans being forced to ride in separate railroad cars, have their own hotels and judicatoryho utilizations, and even get water out of their own drinking fountains. Their children could not attend the same schools with the etiolated children.To further push the color-line, they then added in segregation with the Jim Crow Laws. This is mainly because the washrags were considered to be superior, and thereof were thought to deserve better schools with better facilities. African Americans on the other hand were considered inferior, and hence their children attended low-quality schools that lacked adequate facilities (Sitkoff & Franklin, 2008). The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person.The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a diametrical approach. They earnd and enforced what were known as the foreboding(a) Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed wakeless marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns ( www. history. com).Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves (www. history. com). Congress quickly responded to these laws in 1866 and seized the initiative in remaking the entropy. Republicans wanted to ensure that with the r emaking the south, freed blacks were made viable members of society. But the strong southern legislatures finally gave in in 1868 they repealed most of the laws that discriminated against blacks. Things were starting to look up.But by 1877 Democratic parties regained their power of the south and ended reconstruction. In 1882, southern states passed Jim Crow laws that enforced strict segregation between blacks and whites and limited African-American civil rights. This was devastating to the blacks. After all the strides they made were reversed. From holding political offices, the right to vote, and participating as equal members of society was changed. The south gradually reinstated the racially discriminatory laws. The two main goals they wanted these laws to achieve disenfranchisement and segregation.To take away the power that the blacks had gained, the Democratic Party began to stop Blacks from voting. There were many a(prenominal) ways to stop blacks from voting. Some of these things were poll tax, which were fees were charged at voting booths and were expensive for most blacks, and the literacy test. Since teaching blacks were illegal, most adult blacks were former slaves and illiterate. And the other goal, segregation, causes the democrats to create laws that segregated the schools and public facilities. The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person.The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were known as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of lega l concerns.Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves. Just like some African Americans activists fought this segregation, some Whites had some groups of their own to carry the segregation on and on. The Ku Klux Klan was one of them. The Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camellia, and other terrorists murdered thousands of blacks and some whites to prevent them from voting and participating in public life.The KKK was founded in 1865 to 1866. They directed their violence towards black landowners, politicians, and community leaders. They also did this to bulk who supported Republicans or racial equalities (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). After the abolishment of slavery in the U. S. the KKK formed. They hated blacks and would commit crimes against them. Murders, hangings, and lynches are just some of the crimes aga inst the blacks (www. kkk. bz, n. d. ). The Ku Klux Klan claims to be just support their people like other races do. What is a lynching?Lynching is a form of punishment with no legal permission. Most times lynching occurred against African Americans by hanging them. This was very popular during the Gilded Age after the American Civil War when African Americans were freed from slavery. Many White men would use lynching against Black men for being in a mixed relationship with a White woman. However, because lynching had no legal basis, it was thought to have been a tool that was used against freed slaves that had achieved financial stability and authority in order to remain a White-dominated nation.Lynching was most likely performed by White Supremacy groups like the KKK. Lynching was done by hanging or shooting, or both. However, many were of a more hideous nature. Burning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical torture are all part of a lynching. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized originally to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white people believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control.Defending your people is one thing, but to torture another human being is inhuman. The KKK has several stories out there today on how they treated the blacks, whether they did anything premature or not. For instance, a Louisiana woman is in critical condition after she was set on fire, resulting in burns on roughly 60 percent of her body, and her car appears to have had racial slurs written on it at the time of her attack (Mach, n. d. ). They had even gone as far as church service bombings. The KKK launched a bomb into a church during a Sunday service, which left four innocent teenage girls dead.The men responsible hid behind the cloak of secrecy, intimidation and the white robes of the oldest terrorist organization in the world, the Ku Klux Klan (Gado, n. d. ). Therefore, until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial discrimination is an issue that was not seriously tackled. The act was a successful result of most wide-ranging civil rights legislation and Civil Rights Movements for close to a century (Finkelman, 2009). The act declared discrimination on the basis of color, race, ethnicity, religion, and many other aspects as unconstitutional.During the critical years from 1954 to 1963, a variety of leaders with different backgrounds, such as lawyers from the NAACP, women sitting on buses, ministers from southern black churches, militants from black power organizations, and jejuneness from colleges had shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). In 1896, the Supreme Courts Plessy v. Ferguson decision established that separate but equal facilities for whites and blacks were allowable under the U. S. Constitution. Local governmental officia ls could designate separate public facilities like drinking fountains, restrooms, and schools.Even courthouses often had separate Bibles according to the suspects race. The problem was that separate usually meant unequal, and segregation subverted the freedom of every African American (Sundquist, 1993). Now, it is time for the African- Americans to fight back. The incident that made them want to make a difference was the Rosa Park bus ride. After a long day of work on December 1, 1955, Parks, feet hurt, looked forward to sitting on the bus for her ride home. At the time, there was a city ordinance stating that African Americans had to give up their seats on a train or bus if a white man asked for them.When a white man approached Parks and told her that he wanted her seat, she simply said no. Although she acted as a private citizen, her response was as an informed, committed member of the NAACP movement. The bus driver had asked Parks to move. When she did not, the bus driver said, L ook, woman, I told you I wanted the seat. Are you handout to stand up? When Parks again said no, the driver threatened, If you dont stand up, Im going to have you arrested. She gave no reception but at the next stop, Rosa was arrested (Garrow, 2004). A pastor known as Martin Luther King Jr., organized a boycott, the Montgomery bus boycott. King Jr. took this to a higher level and maintained and organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which coordinated similar bus boycotts in other cities. in brief after the boycott, King had found a bomb on his porch. King went to Birmingham, Alabama, where he continued his nonviolent protests and marches. However, the police authorized force to disband Kings followers by using electric cattle prods, tear gas, and fire hoses (Bowles, 2011).King was arrested with the others, but upon his release from jail he went to majuscule, D. C., where he and demonstrators met at the National Mall and addressed them with his famous We Shall Overcome speech on August 23, 1963. Kings words at the capital that day were a defining moment of the Civil Rights movement. Other demonstrations and civil disobedience campaigns sought to increase African-American voter registration and win better jobs. Malcolm X actively promoted the Black Muslim cause. Even after speaking about non-violence and wanting peace, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. The civil rights movement dramatically increased participation of African- American voters in both the South and the North today.By the mid-70s some 4000 African-Americans have been elected to political office at all levels of government. Qualified African-Americans now have a wider range of opportunities than ever before. Whether you are White or African-American, each group has faced its own peculiar challenges on its approach to democracy (Rappaport, 2001). This racism is wrong and unconstitutional. The 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery, which some people still w ent against it. The fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to the former slaves and forbade states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.The 14th Amendment also guaranteed equal protection of the law for all citizens. The 15th Amendment barred states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude (Hertz, 2009). In a perfect world, everyone would be equal. The color of ones skin, religious beliefs or sexual preference would mean nothing. We would accept everyone for whom and what they are. We would rejoice in the differences between each other instead of belittling, hating and discriminating against those differences. We dont however live in a perfect world.We live in a world fill up with distrust and hate. If we dont know or understand it in our society, then it is wrong. It will be discriminated against in one form or another. We as a country have made major strides in overcoming racism, however we still have far to go. In conclusion, African Americans faced isolation, discrimination, and segregation during the post-construction period. racial discrimination was also prevalent in the military where back soldiers were considered inferior to white soldiers and hence poorly trained and equipped.The issue of racial discrimination, isolation and segregation was not seriously tackled until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. Civil rights activists such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. organized the famous 1963 protest in Washington that eventually forced President John Kennedy to pass the Act. It is therefore, clear that the journey to end isolation, discrimination, and segregation to attain equality and civil rights has been hard but worthwhile. ? References Bowles, M. (2011). American History 1865- Present End of Isolation. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint. Retrieved at https//content.ashford. edu/books/AUHIS204. 11. 2 Finkelman, P. (2009) Encyclopedia of African American hi story, 1896-present, Madison Avenue, New York Oxford University Press Rappaport, D. (2001). Martins Big linguistic communication The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Sitkoff, H. , & Franklin, J. (2008) The Struggle for Black equality. Hill and Wang Publication http//www. adl. org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default. asp? LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk http//www. history. com/topics/black-codes Civil Rights Act of 1964 http//www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? doc=97& rogue=transcript.

A Debate Pertaining to Illegal Immigrant Children in Public Schools

Roxie Vasquez ENG 102-2270 03/25/06 Research Paper A Debate Pertaining to Illegal Immigrant Children in Public Schools The basis dirty immigrant and illegal alien ar comm lone(prenominal) used phrases that refer to the illegality of the action of migration without legal authorization (wikipedia). Whether or non illegal immigrant children should be tame at the elementary, middle inculcate, and high schoolhouse levels in the U. S. , is a fiercely struggled topic these days. Many debates are taking manoeuver altogether over the U. S. ertaining to whether or not illegal immigrant children are entitled to a free public program line. One major debate taking place here in genus Arizona is that Governor Napolitano and its controlled Legislature are locked in a stalemate over the teaching of the English language and how much to pay for it (nytimes). Furthermore, illegal immigrant children should be minded(p) the chance to be educated in the U. S. and should not be banned from pub lic schools because of their parents actions. Illegal immigration is a aversion and mouse into the country is in violation of the immigration law.For many illegal immigrant children, it is a tragedy to be raised here in the U. S. as an American child, to afterwards learn that every(prenominal) their life-long goals and dreams they worked so hard for, arent realistic because of their illegal status. The illegal status of these children becomes very deceiving to them because as a young child they engage no idea that they are illegal immigrants. It is even more devastating for that child (when the possibility arrives) that later in life that child might retain to return to that unknown foreign country they were born in.Also, the American people who live in areas consumed by large amounts of immigrants are concerned about their school budget and the quality of education their child receives. To begin, one opposing argument against illegal immigrant children att kiboshing public sc hools is that it is widely believed that America cannot financially afford to educate the worlds children. Immigrant children attend public schools accounts for the dramatic increases in school enrolment, and failure to consider the capacity may return very real consequences for approaching public education in the U. SPrograms created specifically to serve students whose second language is English accounts for much of the extra hails and it is reported from Census that immigrant children accounts for such(prenominal) a large percentage of the school-age population. An estimated 400,000 illegal immigrant children enter the U. S. each year and educating those children costs several states more than four cockion dollars annually (ap/online). Here in the state of Arizona, Governor Napolitano has proposed spending $45 jillion a year to expand the English-language instruction in Arizonas public schools (nytimes).Secondly, a variant pertaining to illegal immigrant children attendin g public schools is that public schools in the U. S. are open to all children, in spite of their status and by law it is mandatory that all children attend school. Also, the law states that each and every child, despite their legal status, is required to attend school from the age of six years to 16 years of age. The only necessary information to give in order to attend a public school is proof of residency in that district the child wishes to attend, a birth certificate, and vaccination records.In addition to laws, Proposition 200 requires Arizonans to provide proof of citizenship when registering to vote and apply for public benefits (azcentral). Because of this law, a numerous amount of Americans are appalled that an illegal immigrant child can attend free public schools without showing any proof of citizenship. In 1982, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled fivesome to four, that undocumented immigrant children are entitled to a free public education. Also, it is common knowledge that the action of INS has no effect on rules governing school enrollment (heraldnews).In addition, each year, thousands of women flee from their country to enter the U. S. and give birth, knowing very much that their child allow for automatically have U. S. citizenship. Because of this, illegal immigrant children are not to blame for their status. It is not the childs fault that their parent brings them illegally into this country because a child has no knowledge of illegal immigration or of immigration laws. Too, most children believed to be illegal immigrants are actually U. S. -born American citizens, born to an illegal parent.It is a fact that 22 percent of all American children on a lower floor the age of six have immigrant parents (ap/online). Also, all children, regardless of their legal status have full rights to a free public education (weeklyreadercorp. ). Besides, all illegal immigrant children deserve a chance to change their situations and paths in life because illegal im migrant children are a future part of society and are expense the same investment as an American born child (softcom. net). Almost all of the several million illegal children that are here will be life long Americans and are likely to be productive adults if they receive support now.As these illegal immigrant children are raised as an American born child, they will grow up knowing nothing else but the American born childs way of life. Plus, some stress that money spent on educating immigrants, both legal and illegal, will pay off in future tax revenues as they will earn higher wages. At this point, Americans are under the false assumption that illegal immigrant children are a distant and separate population that exist apart from the rest of American society (losangelestimes) and they are upon immigrant children in public schools total close to half the percentage of citizen children.Besides, it is reported that one in every five student has an immigrant parent. Moreover, under Tit le 8 Section 1325 of the U. S. Code, Improper Entry by Alien, any citizen of any country other than the U. S. who enters or attempts to enter the U. S. at any time or place other than as designated by immigration officers or eludes examination or inspection by immigration officers or attempts to enter or obtain accession to the U. S. by willfully false or misleading representation or the willful concealment of a material fact has committed a crime (wikipedia).Hundreds of thousands of law-breaking illegal immigrants marched in Americas streets demanding that their right to live, work, and attend free public schools in the U. S. illegally, be respected. Even though America is a nation built upon immigrants, an illegal immigrant should not get a free ride towards citizenship just because they have lived and worked and had children here for years. The U. S. Congress is preparing to reward those who have upset(a) our laws with the most precious treasure, the opportunity to become U.S. citizens. Thus, some lawmakers have pushed for the prevention of illegal immigrant children being educated even at the youngest grade levels. As it stands now, an illegal immigrant child does not qualify for tuition benefits, but some states have passed laws allowing illegal children residency tuition benefits. Plus, the thousands of children from families of illegals who crowd school classrooms, challenges the claim that illegal workers sum more than they consume.It reportedly costs the state of Arizona $750 million to educate the children of illegal immigrants (azcentral). Whats more, the Federation for American Immigration Reform estimates that illegal immigrants cost each Arizonan almost $700 (ap/online) a year a hidden tax that subsidizes illegal aliens and the employees who hire them. Furthermore, if illegal immigrant children are denied the right to a free education, they could end up being illiterate criminals who tap into social services and prison systems.The cost of inca rcerating illegal immigrants in Arizonas prisons and jails amounts to about 80 million dollars a year not including the cost of the crime that led to their incarceration. It is far better to have these children in school rather than to have them roaming crime-ridden neighborhoods day and iniquity (findarticles. com). Over the past several weeks, the debate over immigration overhaul has reached a boiling point, with hundreds of thousands taking to the streets to protest tighter controls on border security.As an effect of the debate to whether or not illegal immigrants have a right to attend public schools, a majority of the illegal immigrant students have recently walked out of school to protest immigration laws. Many illegal students said they were marching in opposition to a bill sponsored by Rep. F. James Sensenbrenner (R-Wis. ), that passed the House in Dec. the bill would give police more power to enforce immigration laws (chicagotribune). Although it is not an issue for legis lature yet, many illegal immigrant students cannot register for college because they do not have a social security number.In all, if the world wasnt fighting over free public education for everyone, then the worlds children would continue attending class and would be safe in school and off the streets. In conclusion, some Republicans have portrayed illegal immigrants as invaders, criminals, and as burdens to society (nytimes). separately year the Border Patrol arrest more than a million illegal aliens who flagrantly violate our nations laws by unlawfully crossover U. S. borders, often with the aide and help of fraudulent documents.All in all, illegal immigrants do not contribute more than they cost because the millions in prison and on eudaimonia arent contributing a dime to our economy and the ones who are working are often paid in cash without tax deductions. America has a way of bringing us in, welcoming us and allowing us to become a part of the whole. Whats more, illegal imm igrants migrate for a better future, education and rights. Thus, the U. S. has taken on many races, religions, and nationalities and has made them one nation America has always been a nation built upon immigrants.

Music and Its Effects on Behaviors in Teenagers and Young Adults

Jorja M. Rea Professor Andre Yang English 1A 25 November 2012 Music and its set up on Behaviors in Teenagers and Young Adults Picture this A young person man is arrested for murder, twisting and cursing at the police as his mother watches from the sidewalk. It is light enough out that you can see, not far from him, lays the body of a young women. She was his girlfriend, whom he had beaten to death. This young man is just one of many young adults that are being arrested for committing vicious crimes in our society. Barongan and Nagayama H in altogether (1995) examined the cause of cognitive distortions in men had towards women.The men in this news report viewed women in a innerly aggressive way. The mens behavior was observed in a laboratory setting. Twenty-s even up men listened to misogynous water faucet melody and 27 men listened to neutral belted ammunition euphony. Participants then viewed neutral, sexually- cerise, and assaultive film vignettes and chose the vignette that they found appealing. The results showed that participants who viewed the sexual-violent stimuli indeed felt sexually violent towards women, even having thoughts of raping and abusing women.That young man will spend the next 3 years of his teenage life in a jovial facility and then be relocated to prison erst he turns 18. What happened that caused a young man with a 3. 0 GPA to go from good to bad? According to Ortiz (2004) it all has to do with the human brain. The human brain has been called the most complex mass in the known universe. This is a well-deserved reputation, for this organ contains billions of connections called neurons. Among its parts and governs countless actions, involuntary and voluntary, physical, mental and emotional. The largest part of the brain is the frontal lobe.A small reach of the frontal lobe located behind the forehead, called the prefrontal cortex, keep in lines the brains most advanced functions. This part a lottimes referred to as the CEO of the body, providing humans with advanced cognition. It allows us to prioritize thoughts, imagine, think in the abstract, anticipate consequences, plan, and control impulses. Along with everything else in the body, the brain changes solidly during adolescence. In the last five years, scientists, using new technologies, much(prenominal) as an MRI, sire discovered that adolescent brain is far less developed han previously believed. Doctors of Harvard checkup School hold in studied the relation surrounded by these new findings and teen behavior and concluded that adolescents often rely on emotional parts of the brain, the Amygdala, rather than the frontal lobe, one of the things that teenagers seem to do is to serve more strongly with gut response than they do with evaluating the consequences of what theyre doing. Since this young man, and many countless others in his position, deficiencys a complete prefrontal cortex they are forced to use the Amygdala.Fight or Flight is al l it tells us to do. Thus, without any clear knowledge these young people are forced to find eccentric models who the feel get them. They turn to medicament for its lyrics and beat and this is where the trouble begins. Mahiri and Conner (2003) tested whether or not it is confessedly that our African-American jejuneness is more violent than other nationalities and why. Is it the rap medicament that they may listen to? The researchers assessed the lieu on military force of 41 middle school students attending a unique school in a low-income section of a large northern California city.The researchers probed ways that these students interpreted or reflected upon rap music and hip-hop culture, particularly its representation of force-out, crime, and sex. A brief questionnaire was handed out to each of these participants, which consisted of scenario questions (what would you do if). Based on the responses to the questions researchers were able to come to the conclusion that these p articular students were unfortunately looking up to these proscribe role models. The constant talk of female assault, sex, and violence was being imbedded into these childrens minds. And it doesnt end in that location. numerous other researchers have examined the effects of how musical genres have change magnitude tendencies towards violet behaviors in teenagers and young adults. These studies have helped to uncover whether or not violent and aggressive music and music lyrics have had in fact, increased the rate of individuals that lash out in a violent, aggressive manner.Although none of the researchers in this paper considered the lack of the prefrontal cortex as a results as to why these young adults are so effects by the images they see or the music they listen to, they did however find something else altogether these studies were done to predicate society on how music is affecting peoples moods. For example Anderson et al. (2003) studied whether or not media violence defi nes youth. They haphazardly depute youths to watch either a short violent or a short nonviolent music video and then observed how they interacted with other people after screening the music video.After each participant watched the music video for approximately 15 minutes, both physical and communicative aggression towards others was assessed using a 10-point scale with 1 showing nonviolent behaviors and 10 showing a lot of violent behaviors. A correlational analysis was used to see if there was a descent between a participant observance the violent music video and acting violent, or watching the nonviolent music video and not acting violent. The results showed that exposure to media violence had a statistically portentous association with aggression and violence among youth.This research clearly demonstrates that exposure to media violence heightens the chances that a youth will behave aggressively and have aggressive thoughts in the short run. Arlin (1996) examined the influ ence of exposure to violent rock videos on participants appraisals of their own hostility. Participants were preselected based on their scores on a tone of locale of control. After completing a measure of Buss and Durkees Hostility Inventory, they were randomly assigned to view either a view or nonviolent music video. After viewing the video, participants once again completed the Hostility Inventory.The results revealed a main effect of locus of control, such that individuals with an external locus of control showed lower self-reported aggressiveness after viewing a music video than individuals with an internal locus of control. Johnson, Jackson and Gatto (1995) studied whether exposure to rap music could cause violent attitudes and delayed academic performance. 46 African-American males (ages 11 to 16 years) from an inner city boys club in Wilmington, North Carolina were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were randomly exposed to violent rap music videos, nonv iolent rap music videos, or no music videos.They read ii vignettes involving (a) a violent act perpetrated against a man and a charr and (b) a young man who chose to engage in academic pursuits to achieve success, whereas his friend, who was unemployed, mysteriously obtained extravagant items (i. e. , a nice car, nice clothes). The results showed that participants who saw the violent rap music videos reported greater credence of violence. In addition, participants who saw the violent rap videos reported higher probability of committing similar acts of violence and greater acceptance of the use of violence against women. St.Lawrence and Joyner (1991) examined the effects of sexually violent rock videos on males acceptance or violence against women. The experimental manipulation involved exposure to sexually violent heavy-metal rock music, Christian heavy-metal rock music, or easy listening classical music. One month prior to the experimental manipulation, participants were adminis tered several attitudinal scales roughly spectral orientation, sex roles, rape myths, and interpersonal violence. The results indicated that males without a religious background were more accepting of sexist and rape-supportive beliefs.The researchers as well came across an unexpected finding which was greater self-reported sexual arousal in response to classical music. Kalof (1999) examined the effects of gender and music video vision on sexual attitudes. A group of 44 U. S. college students were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups that viewed either a video portraying stereotyped sexual imagery or a video that excluded all sexual images. A two-way scale revealed that exposure to traditional sexual imagery had a significant main effect on attitudes about adversarial sexual relationships. at that place seems to be some confirmation of a relation between sex and exposure to conventional sexual imagery on the acceptance of interpersonal violence. Viemero and Paajanen (1992) exam ined whether or not viewing violent video recording really does increase the aggressive behavior of those who viewed it. There were 391 eight-year old and ten-year old children participating in this study. These children were tested on their aggression, their fear fantasies, and their dream and fantasies about these shows. Two measurements of aggression were made peer-nominated aggression and self-related aggression.TV viewing habits were measured by the amount of TV viewed during the week. Violence was depicted by how regularly violent TV shows were watched. They found that there was significant positive correlation for boys between TV viewing variables and aggression. There was too a significant positive correlation between the amount of TV and televised violence viewing and fear and aggressive fantasies about actual shows that were seen by the children. These children seem to have been strongly impacted by the violence seen on television shows they were watching, and then acti ng in a more aggressive way after watching the violence.Now that the It seems very obvious that there is a significant relationship between listening to violent music and watching aggressive/violent music videos and one getting into more fights, using contradictory language, inappropriate gestures, and a tendency to think less of women. All of these researchers identified in this paper studied this deal relationship and found significant results. It is apparent that there is indeed a direct correlation between violent music and peoples aggressive behaviors.An operational definition of violent behavior is physically and verbally hurrying others, cursing, stealing, inappropriate gestures and negative views of women. Whether it is the lyrics, the beat, or watching the entertainers act violently, people in oecumenic who are viewing these music videos are behaving in an inappropriate and destructive way. Listening to violent music has an effect on aggression. This information is usefu l for parents of young children who are growing up watching these music videos. The studies completed by the researches mentioned in this paper reveal a serious problem.Our society as a whole should consider this a severe problem, especially with all of the school bombings, the high rates of angry- multitude affiliated- weapon carrying young people, and the millions of dollars being spent on this violent and degrading (mostly to women) kind of music. When angry, violent, aggressive, vulgar videos were shown, participants envisioned a massive amount of hostility their moods were changing as the video continued as did their behavior. They also answered the scenario questions with the most violent answer chose available.The participants who viewed nonviolent videos showed amazingly different answers to the questions, the majority of them answering the questions with the nonviolent or calmer answer choses. This clearly shows evidence that allowing teenagers and young adults to watch v iolent music videos (like Eminem or DMX) has and will have a strong effect on violent tendencies like beating a women to death. It can also be said that the reason the results were significant in the violent groups is because of the extreme difference between the two videos.The violent videos were extremely violent showing fighting, carjacking, yelling, cursing, and hitting women. Meanwhile, the nonviolent groups watched music videos that showed people dancing on the beach and having fun. The extreme differences between the two types of videos could be the reason for the significant results obtained by the researchers. It may be wise in the future research to use videos that are not so tremendously different. Bibliography Anderson, C. A, Berkowits, L. , Donnerstein, M. , Edward, K. , Huesmann, L. , Rowell, J. , Johnson, J. , Linz, D. , Malamuth, N. , & Wartella, H. 2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 81- 110. Arlin, B. , (1996). The influence of locus of control and aggressiveness of rock music on aggression. ledger of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 491- 498. Barongan, C. , & Nagayama Hall, G. C. (1995). The influence of misogynous rap music on sexual aggression against women. psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 195-207. Mahiri, J. , & Conner, E. Black youth violence has a bad rap. journal of Social Issues, 59, 121-140. Johnson, J. D, Jackson, L. A. , & Gatto, L (1995).Violent attitudes and different academic aspirations Deleterious effects of exposure to rap music. Basic and use Social Psychology, 16 (1-2), 27-41. Kalof, L. (1999). The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 378- 385. St. Lawrence, J. S. , & Joyner, D. J.. (1991). The effect of sexually violent rock music on males acceptance of violence against women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 49-63. Viemero, V. , & Paajanen, S. (1992). The role of fantasies and dreams in the TV viewing-aggression relationship. Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 109-116.